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بررسی همبستگی بین آلودگی میکروپلاستیک و عناصر با پتانسیل سمیت در ماهی سفید دریای خزر (Rutilus kutum) Investigation of the Correlation between Microplastic Pollution and Potentially Toxic Elements in Caspian White Fish (Rutilus kutum) 1 1 این پژوهش با هدف بررسی همبستگی آماری بین آلودگی میکروپلاستیک و عناصر با پتانسیل سمیت در جمعیت ماهی سفید (Rutilus kutum) در سه ایستگاه نمونه ‌برداری (کیاشهر، انزلی و آستارا) واقع در سواحل جنوب غربی  دریای خزر انجام شد. نتایج حاصل از بررسی ۶۰ نمونه ماهی نشان داد که تمامی نمونه ‌ها آلوده به میکروپلاستیک بودند. بیشترین میانگین فراوانی میکروپلاستیک،  35/50 ± 53/75   (قطعه به ازای هر ماهی) در ایستگاه انزلی مشاهده شد. نتایج تحلیل غلظت عناصر نشان داد که آهن با میانگین  µg/kg 5945/33 ± 23111 در ایستگاه انزلی، بیشترین غلظت را داشت. در ایستگاه کیاشهر، همبستگی منفی معنی ‌داری بین فراوانی میکروپلاستیک ‌ها و عناصر کادمیوم و نیکل مشاهده شد. (rs>-0/4،p<0/05) در ایستگاه آستارا، همبستگی مثبت معنی ‌داری بین فراوانی میکروپلاستیک ‌ها و غلظت آرسنیک و نیکل (rs>0/4،p<0/05)مشاهده گردید. براساس مقایسه غلظت عناصر با استانداردهای FAO/WHO، تنها غلظت آرسنیک در ماهی‌ های ایستگاه ‌های مختلف، بالاتر از حد مجاز بود. این یافته ها نشان دهنده تعاملات پیچیده بین آلودگی میکروپلاستیک و غلظت عناصر در ماهی سفید دریای خزر است که نیازمند تحقیقات بیشتر برای ارزیابی تاثیرات زیست ‌محیطی و سلامت اکوسیستم دریای خزر است.   2 Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the statistical correlation between microplastic contamination and potentially toxic elements in Kutum populations (Rutilus kutum) at three sampling stations: Kiashar, Anzali and Astara, located along the Southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea. The results from analysis of 60 fish samples indicated that all samples were contaminated with microplastics. The highest mean abundance of microplastic, 53.75±35.50 (particles per fish), was observed at Anzali sampling station. The results of the elemental concentration analysis showed that Iron had the highest concentration, with a mean value of  23111 ± 5945.33  µg/kg at Anzali station. At Kiashar station, a significant negative correlation was observed between the abundance of microplastics and the concentrations of Cadmium and Nickel (rs˃-0.4, p˂0.05). At Astara station, a significant positive correlation was found between the abundance of microplastics and the concentrations of Arsenic and Nickel (rs˃0.4, p˂0.05). According to the comparison of elemental concentrations with FAO/WHO standards, only the concentration of Arsenic in fish from various stations exceeded the permissible limit. These findings indicate the complex interactions between microplastic contamination and elemental concentrations in Kutum (R. kutum) from the Caspian Sea, necessitating further research to evaluate the environmental impacts and the health of the Caspian Sea ecosystem. 1 19 2024/09/5 1403/6/15 2024/12/15 1403/9/25 فرشته حاجی آقایی قاضی محله F. Haji Aghaei Ghaazi Mahalleh گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران. ایران fereshte.hj22@yahoo.com جاوید ایمانپور نمین J. Imanpour Namin گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی ، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران. ایران javidiman@gmail.com Statistical correlation Iron Cadmium Arsenic Nickel. همبستگی آماری آهن کادمیوم آرسنیک نیکل 1. Abbasi, S., N. Soltani, B. Keshavarzi, F. Moore, A. Turner and M. Hassanaghaei. 2018. Microplastics in different tissues of fish and prawn from the Musa Estuary, Persian Gulf. Chemosphere 205: 80-87. ##2. Agusa, T., T. Kunito, S. Tanabe, M. Pourkazemi and D. G. Aubrey. 2004. 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بررسی وضعیت ذخایر و شاخص‌های نقاط مرجع شیلاتی ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) در دریاچه پشت سد ارس استان آذربایجان غربی Stock Status and Fisheries Reference Points for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Aras Dam Reservoir, the West Azerbaijan Province 1 1 چکیده دریاچه پشت سد ارس بزرگ‌ترین منبع آبی شمال غرب کشور به لحاظ بهره‌برداری از انواع آبزیان می‌باشد، اما اطلاعات مربوط به وضعیت ذخایر آبزیان آن بسیار محدود می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین وضعیت ذخایر ماهی کپور معمولی(Cyprinus carpio) در دریاچه پشت سد ارس با استفاده از جدیدترین نسخه مدل صید-حداکثر محصول پایدار (++CMSY)  بود. برای این منظور، با استفاده از داده‌های صید سال‌های 1392 الی 1401 و بکارگیری مدل++ CMSY، سقف برداشت و میزان ذخیره جمعیت گونه کپور معمولی در دریاچه سد ارس تخمین زده شد. نتایج بیانگر وضعیت نامناسب این گونه در دریاچه پشت سد ارس  و بالا بودن فشار صید بر ذخایر آن است. بررسی رابطه طول و وزن کپور معمولی بیانگر الگوی رشد همگون بود. بطورکلی، تداوم این روند و عدم تعدیل بهره‌برداری چه بصورت مجاز و چه غیرمجاز از ذخایر گونه، منجر به کاهش و نهایتاً تخلیه ذخیره خواهد شد. این مطالعه، لزوم مدیریت صید و صیادی به ویژه صید غیرمجاز، توجه به سقف برداشت سالانه مجاز، بکارگیری سیاست‌های مدیریتی، برنامه بازسازی ذخایر و حفاظت از مناطق نوزادگاهی گونه کپور معمولی دریاچه پشت سد ارس را به مدیران اجرایی استان توصیه می‌کند. 2 Abstract Aras Dam reservoir is the largest water source in the northwest of Iran in terms of exploitation of various aquatic species, but the information of its aquatic stocks is very limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the stock  status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Aras Dam reservoir using the latest version of catch-maximum sustainable yield (CMSY++) model. For this purpose, by using the CMSY++ model and the catch data from October 2013 to March 2022, and harvest limit and stock level of the common carp in the Aras Dam reservoir were estimated. The results indicate the poor condition of this species and the high fishing pressure on its stock. The length-weight relationship showed that growth pattern in common carp was homogeneous. In  general, the continuation of this trend and the failure to adjust the exploitation of this species stock, either legally or  illegally, will lead to the reduction and depletion of its stock.. This study, recommends to the decision makers for appropriate mangement of fishing especially illegal fishing, to pay attention to the allowed annual harvest limits, apply management policies and protection of  the nursery grounds of common carp in the Aras Dam reservoir.   21 34 2024/09/52024/11/23 1403/9/3 2024/12/152024/12/21 1403/10/1 علی حقی وایقان A. Haghi Vayghan گروه اکولوژی و مدیریت ذخایر آبزیان، پژوهشکده آرتمیا و آبزی پروری، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. ایران a.haghi@urmia.ac.ir مهرناز قنبرزاده M. Ghanbarzadeh گروه مهندسی منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، فارس، ایران. ایران mehrna.ghanbarzadeh@gmail.com Stock management CMSY++ Aras Dam reservoir Common Carp Length-weight relationship. مدیریت ذخایر مدل CMSY++ دریاچه پشت سد ارس کپور معمولی رابطه طول و وزن 1- Abbasi, K., and A. Sarpanah, 2001. Fish fauna investigation in Aras reservoir and its Iranian tributaries. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 10(2): 41-62. 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پایش وضعیت موجود بوم‌سازگان رودخانه زاینده رود با استفاده از شاخص‌های زیستی و کیفیت آب Monitoring Zayandehroud River Ecosystem Health using Biological and Water Quality Indices 1 1 چکیده رودخانه زاینده‌رود منبع حیاتی آب در مرکز ایران است. اما این رودخانه به دلیل دستکاری‌های انسانی به یکی از آسیب‌پذیرترین اکوسیستم‌ها تبدیل شده است. در این مطالعه بخشی از رودخانه زاینده رود که دارای جریان دائمی است (سد تنظیمی تا پل کله) با هدف ارزیابی کیفیت آب و سلامت بوم سازگان رودخانه بررسی شد. از آب و درشت بی مهرگان کف‌زی در 11 ایستگاه در تابستان 1401 نمونه برداری شد. سپس شاخص کیفیت منابع آب سطحی ایران (IRWQISC)، شاخص‌های غنا و تنوع و شاخص‌های زیستی (BMWP، ASPT) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد؛ شاخص IRWQISC در اکثر ایستگاه‌ها وضعیت متوسط دارد و تنها در 3 ایستگاه کیفیت آب در وضعیت نسبتا خوب قرار گرفته است. در حالی که شاخص BMWP، وضعیت بد و شاخص ASPT، آلودگی شدید و متوسط، شاخص تنوع  شانون وضعیت آلودگی شدید و متوسط را نشان داد. شاخص IRWQISC نتواسته است‌ قطع جریان آب در پایین دست سد انحرافی چم آسمان و اثرات آن بر کاهش کیفیت آب و سلامت بوم‌سازگان رودخانه را به طور دقیق منعکس کند. در حالی که با کاهش شدید شاخص غنا و شاخص‌های زیستی در ایستگاه پل کله، عدم تعادل بوم‌سازگان رودخانه‌ مشخص شد. 2 Abstract Zayandehroud is the water source for life in Central Iran, but it has become has turned into one of the most vulnerable ecosystem due to human disturbances. In this study, water quality and ecosystem health of Zayandehroud was evaluated in a segment of the river with permanent flow, from the Zayandehrud Regulating Dam to Pol-Kalleh. Water and benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from 11 stations during the summer of 2022. The Iranian Water Quality Index for Surface Water (IRWQISC), along with richness and diversity indices, as well as biological indices (BMWP and ASPT), were calculated. The findings revealed that the IRWQISC index categorizes water quality as moderate in most stations, with relatively good quality observed in only three stations. In contrast, the BMWP index denoted poor conditions, the ASPT index reflected severe to moderate pollution levels, and the Shannon diversity index also indicates severe to moderate pollution. The IRWQISC index was unable to accurately capture the effects of water flow interruption downstream of the Cham-Aseman diversion dam and its impact on the deterioration of water quality and overall river ecosystem health. However, the substantial decline in the richness index and biological indices at the Pol-Kalleh station highlights a significant ecological imbalance in the river ecosystem. 35 48 2024/09/52024/11/232024/12/3 1403/9/13 2024/12/152024/12/212025/01/20 1403/11/1 فخریه محسنی F. Mohseni محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران fakhri.mohseni@na.iut.ac.ir محمد نعمتی ورنوسفادرانی M. Nemati Varnosfaderany گروه محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران nemati@iut.ac.ir علیرضا سفیانیان A. Soffianian گروه محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران سیما فاخران S. 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پایش اثرات تغییر کاربری و پوشش اراضی بر کیفیت زیستگاه‌های حوضه آبخیز هراز Monitoring the effects of land use and land cover changes on habitat quality in the Haraz watershed 1 1 کیفیت زیستگاه نوعی خدمات اکوسیستمی حمایتی است که تحت تأثیر تغییرات کاربری اراضی شکننده و آسیب پذیر می‌شود. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی کیفیت زیستگاه‌های حوضه آبخیز هراز در استان مازندران بر مبنای تغییرات کاربری اراضی بود. با تهیه و آماده‌سازی داده‌های موردنیاز، مدل اینوست (InVEST) برای ارزیابی کیفیت زیستگاه‌های منطقه مطالعاتی مدنظر قرار گرفت. تصاویر کاربری اراضی سه دوره 2000، 2010 و 2020  با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌های لندست 7 و 8 در محیط ادریسی سلوا آماده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که زیستگاه‌های واقع در بخش مرکزی حوضه در سال‌های مورد نظر دارای بالاترین کیفیت بودند در حالی که مناطق شمالی حوضه کمترین کیفیت را داشتند. میزان تغییرات کیفیت زیستگاه‌ها در بازه‌های زمانی 2010-2000، 2010-2020 و 2020-2000 حاکی از آن بود که نقاط داغ کیفیت زیستگاه‌ها در مناطق مرکزی و نقاط سرد در بخش‌های شمالی وجود دارند. از سال 2000 تا 2020 نقاط سرد کیفیت زیستگاه‌ها افزایش داشته اند در حالی که نقاط داغ کاهش یافته‌اند. به طور کلی از سال 2000 تا 2020 کیفیت زیستگاه‌ها در 180163 هکتار از اراضی منطقه کاهشی و در 24096 هکتار افزایشی بوده است. بر این اساس، ضروری است در راستای توسعه و تبدیل کاربری‌ها در منطقه مطالعاتی استراتژی‌های مناسب به منظور حفظ کیفیت زیستگاه‌های طبیعی آن اتخاذ شود. 2 Habitat quality is a type of supporting ecosystem service that becomes fragile and vulnerable under the influence of land use changes. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of habitats in the Haraz watershed in Mazandaran province based on land use changes. The InVEST model was used to assess the quality of habitats in the study area. Land use images of three periods 2000, 2010 and 2020 were prepared using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images in the Idrisi Selva environment. The results showed that the habitats located in the central part of the basin had the highest quality in the years considered, while the northern areas of the basin had the lowest quality. The rate of changes in habitat quality in the time periods 2000-2010, 2010-2020 and 2000-2020 indicated that habitat quality the hotspots are in the central regions and coldspots are in the northern parts. From 2000 to 2020, the coldspots of habitat quality have increased, while the hotspots have decreased. In general, from 2000 to 2020, habitat quality has decreased in 180,163 hectares and increased in 24,096 hectares of the region. Accordingly, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies in order to maintain the quality of its natural habitats in the development and conversion of land uses in the study area. 49 63 2024/09/52024/11/232024/12/32024/09/25 1403/7/4 2024/12/152024/12/212025/01/202025/02/5 1403/11/17 سحر بازرگان S. bazargan گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. ایران Bazargan@znu.ac.ir فاطمه رجائی F. Rajaei گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. ایران Rajaei_Fatemeh@znu.ac.ir فرهان احمدی میرقائد F. Ahmadi Mirqaed گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم دریایی و محیطی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. ایران f.ahmadi.m@gmail.com مصطفی قلی پور M. Gholipour گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. ایران mostafagholipour@gmail.com InVEST Haraz watershed Hot spots analysis Ecosystem services Habitat quality اینوست حوضه آبخیز هراز تحلیل نقاط داغ خدمات اکوسیستم کیفیت زیستگاه ها 1- Ahmadi Mirghaed, F., and A. 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تحلیل تأثیر ناهمگونی سیمای سرزمین شهری بر دمای سطح زمین در شهر اصفهان Analyzing the Effect of Urban Landscape Heterogeneity on Land Surface Temperature in Isfahan City 1 1 با گسترش و رشد فراینده سطوح نفوذ ناپذیر، چالش های زیست محیطی متعددی در سطوح شهری به وجود آمده است. تغییرات الگوی دمایی محیط و ایجاد جزایر حرارتی در این مناطق یکی از مهم ترین این چالش هاست. تغییر در ساختار و الگوی کاربری اراضی به نوبه خود بر ساختار سیمای سرزمین تأثیر می گذارد. این مطالعه به بررسی تغییرات ساختار سیمای سرزمین و پهنه های حرارتی طی دوره زمانی 2022-1992 در شهر اصفهان پرداخته است. برای این منظور نقشه های پهنه بندی دمای سطح زمین تهیه و متریک های سیمای سرزمین برای تجزیه و تحلیل رابطه بین تغییر الگوهای کاربری زمین و مناطق دمای سطح زمین محاسبه شدند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که در مناطق با دمای بالا (جزایر حرارتی) اراضی بایر و فاقد پوشش گیاهی غالب هستند. همچنین بررسی متریک های سیمای سرزمین نشان داد هر چه پیوستگی بین کاربری ها و ساختار سیمای سرزمین بیشتر باشد، لزوما سطح زمین دماهای پایین تری را تجربه نمی کند. عامل مهم و تعیین کننده در دما نوع کاربری موجود در منطقه است. بنابراین می توان بیان کرد که دمای سطح زمین تحت تأثیر ترکیب کاربری زمین است. با توجه به اهمیت تعدیل دما در مناطق شهری، نحوه پراکنش و توزیع فضاهای سبز بر اساس اصول سیمای سرزمین، نقش بارزی در مدیریت حرارتی شهری دارد.  2 The rapid expansion of impervious surfaces in urban areas has caused significant environmental challenges, including shifts in temperature patterns and the formation of urban heat islands. Changes in land use patterns and structures profoundly influence the composition, configuration, and function of landscapes. This study analyzed changes in landscape structure and thermal zones in Isfahan city from 1992 to 2022. To achieve this, land surface temperature maps were generated, and landscape metrics were calculated to explore the relationship between land use changes and land surface temperature zones. The results revealed that bare lands with little to no vegetation dominate high-temperature zones, contributing significantly to the formation of urban heat islands. Furthermore, landscape metrics indicated that land use type significantly influences local temperature. However, the analysis of landscape metrics indicated that higher continuity between land uses and landscape structures does not necessarily result in lower temperatures. The key factor influencing temperature is the type of land use in the area. Therefore, it can be concluded that land surface temperature is influenced by combinations of land use. Given the importance of temperature adjustment in urban areas, the distribution and allocation of green spaces based on landscape principles play a critical role in urban thermal management. 65 78 2024/09/52024/11/232024/12/32024/09/252024/12/16 1403/9/26 2024/12/152024/12/212025/01/202025/02/52025/02/16 1403/11/28 مهدیه ابوالحسنی A. Mahdiyeh علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران m1372.abolhasani@gmail.com علی لطفی A. Lotfi گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران lotfi@iut.ac.ir Landscape metrics Cold islands Heat islands Land surface temperature Isfahan city. متریک های سیمای سرزمین جزایر سرد حرارتی جزایر گرم حرارتی دمای سطح زمین شهر اصفهان 1. Ali, J. M., Marsh, S. H. and Smith, M. J., 2017. A comparison between London and Baghdad surface urban heat islands and possible engineering mitigation solutions. Sustainable Cities and Society 29: 159-168.##2. Asadi, Y., Ezimand, K., Keshtkar, H. and Alavipanah, S. K,. 2019. A Survey of landscape metrics and land-use / land-cover structures on urban heat Islands surface : A Case study on Urmia City, Iran. Desert 2: 293-306.##3. Asgarian, A., Jabbarian Amiri, B. and Sakieh, Y., 2015. Assessing the effect of green cover spatial patterns on urban land surface temperature using landscape metrics approach. Urban Ecosystems 18(1): 209-222.##4. Buyantuyev, A. and Wu, J., 2010. Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: Linking spatiotemporal variations in surface temperatures to land-cover and socioeconomic patterns. Landscape Ecology 25: 17-33.##5. Dhar, R. B., Chakraborty, S., Chattopadhyay, R. and Sikdar, P. K., 2019. 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تاثیر قارچ مایکوریزا بر ماده مؤثره موسیلاژ و برخی تنظیم کننده های اسمزی گیاه گاوزبان (.Borago officinails L) تحت تنش آبی Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Mucilage Active Ingredient and Osmotic Regulators of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under Water Stress 1 1 تنش آبی یکی از مهمترین عوامل تاثیرگذار بر عملکرد گیاهان است.  با توجه به تأثیر بالقوه قارچ مایکوریزا بر تعدیل اثر تنش آبی بر عملکرد  گیاه گاوزبان ، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی ، اجرا گردید. تنش آب به عنوان عامل اصلی در سطوح آبیاری پس از 30، 60، 90، 120 و 150 میلی‌متر تبخیر آب از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A و قارچ مایکوریزا به عنوان عامل فرعی در سطوح عدم کاربرد، کاربرد گونه Glomus mosseae و کاربرد گونه G. intraradices در نظر گرفته ‌شد. برای موسیلاژ  گل ، برهمکنش آبیاری و قارچ معنی­ دار بود. در سطوح آبیاری پس از 120 و 150 میلی­متر تبخیر کاهش درصد موسیلاژ گل مشاهده گردید، اما کاربرد قارچ در این سطوح شرایط را تغییر داد و منجر به افزایش موسیلاژ شد. در سطوح آبیاری پس از 90، 120 و 150 میلی­متر تبخیر آب از تشتک تبخیر، کاهش پرولین و قند محلول در سطوح آبیاری پس از 60، 90، 120 و 150 میلی­متر تبخیر در شرایط حضور قارچ مایکوریزا نسبت به عدم کاربرد قارچ مشاهده شد. بر اساس نتایج ، تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 میلی­متر تبخیر و کاربرد قارچ­ G. mosseae توصیه می­ شود. 2 Water stress is one of the most important factors affecting plant performance. Considering the potential effect of mycorrhizal fungi on modulating the effect of water stress on the performance of Borage , an experiment was conducted as split-plot in randomized complete block design. Water stress as the main factor in irrigation levels after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan class A and mycorrhiza fungi as sub-agent in levels of non-application, application of Glomus mosseae  and G. intraradices species were considered. For flower mucilage, the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungus was significant, and at the irrigation level of 120 and 150 mm, water evaporation increased the water stress and caused a decrease in flower mucilage. At the irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation, , the reduction of proline and soluble sugar of borage was observed after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus compared to the absence of fungus application. Based on the results, irrigation treatment is recommended after 90 mm of water evaporation and the application of mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae. 79 92 2024/09/52024/11/232024/12/32024/09/252024/12/162024/12/1 1403/9/11 2024/12/152024/12/212025/01/202025/02/52025/02/162025/03/2 1403/12/12 علی رحیمی A. Rahimi بخش تحقیقات جنگلها، مراتع و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یاسوج، ایران. ایران rahimi.ali1362@yahoo.com شاهرخ جهانبین Sh. Jahanbin گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران. ایران jabbari@znu.ac.ir امین صالحی A. Salehi گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران. ایران aminsalehi@yu.ac.ir هوشنگ فرجی H. Faraji گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران. ایران Hooshangfarajee@yahoo.com Borage Proline Water stress Soluble sugar Mycorrhiza Mucilage. گاوزبان پرولین تنش آب قند محلول مایکوریزا موسیلاژ. 1-Ahmadian, A. and Nourzad, S., 2014. 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