ارزیابی کارآمدی مناطق حفاظت شده در حفاظت از زیستگاه‌های کبک دری خزری (Tetraogallus caspius)، به عنوان یک گونه تخصصی مناطق کوهستانی مرتفع در ایران Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pretected Areas in Preserving Habitats of Caspian Snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius), as a High-Altitude Specialist Species in Iran 1 1 گونه‌های تخصصی ساکن مناطق مرتفع کوهستانی، در مقایسه با گونه‌های ساکن مناطق کم‌‌ارتفاع، با تهدیدهای بیشتری به واسطه تخریب یا تکه‌تکه‌شدن زیستگاه و تغییرات اقلیمی مواجه هستند. کبک دری خزری، از گونه‌های دارای آشیان بوم‌شناختی تخصصی و شاخص مناطق کوهستانی مرتفع است. علیرغم حساسیت بالای این گونه به تغییرات زیستگاهی و نقش آن به عنوان یک گونه چتر و یا پرچم در مناطق کوهستانی، اطلاعات اندکی در زمینه بوم‌شناسی این گونه وجود دارد. در پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از 262 داده‌ حضور و 10 متغیر محیطی و انسانی و در چهارچوب یک رویکرد تلفیقی حاصل از پنج الگوریتم مدلسازی، پراکنش جغرافیایی این پرنده در ایران پیش‌بینی شد. بر اساس مدل تلفیقی، در حدود 96527/4 کیلـومتر مربع (حدود 5/8 درصد) از گستره کشور به‌عنوان زیستگاه مطلوب کبک دری شناسایی شـد. متغیرهای ناهمواری سطح زمین (30/02 درصد)، میانگین دمای سالیانه (29/61 درصد)، ارتفاع (18/57 درصد)، و شاخص هم‌دمایی (14/14 درصد) بیشترین مشارکت را در مدل‌سازی داشتند. به ترتیب، حدود 16/04 و 23/13 درصد از گستره زیستگاه‌های مطلوب با مناطق شکار ممنوع و مناطق حفاظت ‌شده هم‌پوشی داشت. پیشنهاد می‌‌شود اقدامات حفاظتی کارآمد، با تمرکز بر تهدیدهای احتمالی ناشی از فعالیت‌های انسانی از جمله توسعه زیرساخت‌های گردشگری، احداث جاده‌ها، چرای بی‌رویه و شکار غیرقانونی، انجام شود. 2 Specialized species living in high mountain areas face more threats compared to species living in low altitudes, primarily due to habitat destruction or fragmentation and climate change.The Caspian snowcock is a species with a specialized ecological niche and serves as an indicator of mountain ecosystems. Despite the high sensitivity of this species to habitat changes and its role as an umbrella or flagship species in mountainous areas, there is a scarcity of data on the ecology of this species. In the current study, we predicted the geographical range of this bird using 262 presence localities and 10 environmental and anthropogenic variables within an ensemble framework, resulting from five modeling algorithms. Based on the ensemble model, about 96527.4 km2 (5.8%) of the country was identified as a suitable habitat for the Caspian snowcock. Potential habitats of the species appeared to be strongly influenced by topographical roughness (30.02), average annual temperature (29.61), altitude (18.57), and isothermality (14.14). About 16.04% and 23.13% of the predicted suitable range overlapped with no-hunting and protected areas. It is suggested that effective conservation measures should be taken by focusing on the possible threats caused by human activities, including the development of tourism infrastructure, road networks, overgrazing, and poaching. 1 15 2023/09/9 1402/6/18 2023/12/11 1402/9/20 مرضیه مرادی M. Moradi دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران mmarzieh529@gmail.com محمدرضا اشرف زاده M. R. Ashrafzadeh دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران mrashrafzadeh@sku.ac.ir رسول خسروی R. Khosravi دانشگاه شیراز ایران r-khosravi@shirazu.ac.ir علی اصغر نقی پور A. A. Naghipour دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران aa_naghipour@yahoo.com Snowcock Species distribution model Ecological niche Ensemble modeling Protected areas کبک دری مدل‌ پراکنش گونه‌ای آشیان بوم شناختی رویکرد مدلسازی تلفیقی مناطق حفاظت شده آشیان بوم‌شناختی رویکرد مدلسازی تلفیقی 1. Allouche, O., A. Tsoar and R. Kadmon. 2006. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology 43(6):1223-1232.##2. Amini Tehrani, N., B. 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ارزیابی ویژگی‌های رویشی و صفات فیزیولوژیکی اکوتیپ‌های مختلف بالنگوی شهری(Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer) در منطقه آذربایجان شرقی Evaluation of the Vegetative Characteristics and Physiological Traits of Different Ecotypes of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia Iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer) in East Azerbaijan Region 1 1 ارزیابی، شناسایی و حفاظت از اکوتیپ‌های بومی گیاهان دارویی به‌عنوان میراث بشری، یک ضرورت است. لذا، جمع‌آوری گیاهان دارویی زراعی و ارزیابی اکولوژیکی اکوتیپ‌های بومی آن‌ها و معرفی اکوتیپ‌های سازگار برای کشاورزان، اهمیت زیادی دارد. در همین راستا، به‌ منظور ارزیابی صفات زراعی 49 اکوتیپ بالنگوی شهری (قَرَه زَرَک) جمع ‌آوری‌ شده از مناطق مختلف کشور، پژوهشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار و طی سال‌های 95 و 96 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز اجرا گردید. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته مربوط به اکوتیپ شماره 6 (توده محلی کلوانق 5) با میانگین 41/13 سانتی‌متر، بیشترین تعداد برگ در ساقه اصلی با میانگین 30/14 برگ در اکوتیپ شماره 23 (توده محلی تبریز 4)، بیشترین شاخص کلروفیل برگ مربوط به اکوتیپ شماره 49 (توده بومی روستای نظیرلو و درویش بقال) با میانگین 36/04 و بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ مربوط به اکوتیپ شماره 20 (توده بومی محلی کلوانق 11) با میانگین cm2 2/89 بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه تک بوته مربوط به اکوتیپ شماره 25 (توده محلی روستای تازه کند 1 هریس) با میانگین 1/05 گرم بود. نتایج نشان داد که اکوتیپ‌های شماره 7 (کلوانق 6) و 14 (تبریز 3) با بالاترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی به‌منظور تأمین علوفه می‌تواند مورد توجه قرار بگیرد. 2 Evaluation, identification, and conservation of native ecotypes of medicinal plants as human heritage are essential. Therefore, collecting and evaluating native ecotypes, as well as introducing adaptive ecotypes, are important for farmers. In order to evaluate the agricultural characteristics of 49 ecotypes of the dragon's head collected from different regions of the country, a randomized complete block design with three replications was applied at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tabriz University. The tallest plant was associated with the ecotype number 6 (Kolvanagh 5), with an average of 41.13 cm. The ecotype number 23 exhibited the highest number of leaves on the main stem, with an average of 30.14 leaves. The highest chlorophyll index was associated with ecotype number 49 (Nazirlo and Darwish Bakal villages), averaging 36.04. The highest leaf area index was associated with ecotype No. 20, averaging 2.89 cm2. The highest seed yield of a single plant was associated with ecotype number 25 (the local population of Taze Kand 1 Haris village), averaging 1.05 g. The findings indicate that ecotypes No. 7 (Kolvanagh 6) and 14 (Tabriz 3), which exhibited the highest biological performance, could be used for fodder production. 17 34 2023/09/92023/09/2 1402/6/11 2023/12/112024/01/29 1402/11/9 جلیل شفق کلوانق Jalil Shafagh- kolvanagh دانشگاه تبریز ایران shafagh.jalil@gmail.com مینا امانی Mina Amani دانشگاه تبریز ایران MINA76AMANI@YAHOO.COM پیوند صمیمی فر P. Samimifar دانشگاه تبریز ایران samimifarpeyvand@yahoo.com عادل دباغ محمدی نسب A. Dabbagh-Mohammadi-Nasab دانشگاه تبریز ایران adeldabb@tabrizu.ac.ir یعقوب راعی Y. Raee دانشگاه تبریز ایران yaegoob@tabrizu.ac.ir Biological yield Chlorophyll index Ecotypes Grain yield Leaf area index اکوتیپ شاخص سطح برگ شاخص کلروفیل عملکرد بیولوژیکی عملکرد دانه 1. Abdoli, S. 2017. Comparison of yield and some qualitative and quantitative characteres of##common ecotypes of Lallemantia (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey). MSc thesis. Tabriz University. Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian)##2. Agboola, A. A. and A. A. Fayami. 1972. Fixation and excretion of nitrogen by tropical legumes. Journal of Agronomy 64: 409-412. (In Persian)##3. Akbarpour, A., B. Kavoosi, M. Hosseinifarahi, S. Tahmasebi and S. Gholipour. 2021. Evaluation of yield and phytochemical content of different Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 8(4): 385-400. (In Persian)##4. Fakhar, F., A. Biabani, M. Zarei and A. N. Moghadam. 2019. Effects of cultivar and planting spacing on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Italian Journal of Agronomy 14(2): 108-113. (In Persian)##5. Gholizadeh-Khajeh, B. 2017. Evaluation of agronomic characteristics and performance of 49 landraces Lallemantia (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey) collected from different regions of Iran. MSc thesis. Tabriz University. Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian)##6. Jiang, Y. and N. Huang. 2001. Drought and heat stress injury to two cool season furfgrasses in relation to antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Crop Science 41: 436-442.##7. Moslemi, E., M. M. Akbarian, S. Z. Ravari, M. R. Yavarzadeh and N. Modafeh-Behzadi. 2023. Investigation of the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) ecotypes in climatic conditions of Kerman Province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 10(4): 107-119. (In Persian)##8. Nezamivand Chegini, R., F. Benakashani, I. Alahdadi and E. Soltani. 2021. Quantification of salinity stress and drought effects on fourteen ecotypes of black caraway (Nigella sativa L.) medicinal plant. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 14(1): 211-220. (In Persian)##9. Rashidzadeh, H., F. S. Mosavi, T. Shafiee, S. M. Adyani, G. Eghlima, M. Sanikhani and A. Ramazani. 2023. Anti-plasmodial effects of different ecotypes of Glycyrrhiza glabra traditionally used for malaria in Iran. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 33(2): 310-315. (In Persian)##10. Shafagh-Kolvanagh, J., H. Dehghanian, A. D. Mohammadi-Nassab, M. Moghaddam, Y. Raei, S. Z. Salmasi and B. Gholizadeh-Khajeh. 2022. Machine learning-assisted analysis for agronomic dataset of 49 Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) ecotypes from different regions of Iran. Scientific Reports 12(1): 19237.##11. Shahbazi, S., K. Alizadeh and V. Fathirezaie. 2012. Study on planting possibility of Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica F. & C. M.) landraces in cold rainfed conditions. Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal 1(2): 82-95. (In Persian)##12. Shaltouki, M., V. Nazeri, M. Shokrpour, L. Tabrizi and F. Aghaei. 2021. Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of some Iranian Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Ecotypes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 23(3): 645-660. (In Persian)##13. Sirus Mehr, A. R., M. R. Shakiba, H. Alyari, M. Tourchi and A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab. 2008. Effect of drought stress and density on yield and some morphological characteristics of autumn safflower cultivars. Asian Journal of Agronomy and Horticulture 78: 80-87. (In Persian)##14. Tetio-Kagho, F. and F. P. Gardner. 1988. Responses of maize to plant population density, Ӏ. Canopy development, light relationships, and vegetative growth. Agronomy Journal 80: 830-935.## ##

ارزیابی تغییرات مکانی و زمانی تولید خالص اولیه در اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی ایران و ارتباط آن با خشکسالی Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Net Primary Production in Iran's Rangeland Ecosystems in Relation to Drought 1 1 تغییرات مکانی و زمانی تولید خالص اولیه (Net Primary Production, NPP) نسبت به خشکسالی از معیارهای اساسی تعیین کننده وضعیت اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تغییرات NPP و ارتباط آن با خشکسالی انجام گرفت. سری زمانی ماهانه داده‌های NPP برای کاربری‌های مرتع کشور از حاصل جمع تولیدات فتوسنتز خالص (PSN) هشت روزه سنجنده مودیس (MOD17A2H) با مقیاس مکانی 500 متر طی دوره‌ی زمانی 2000 تا 2022 تهیه شد. همچنین داده‌های بارش ماهانه 165 ایستگاه‌ سینوپتیک برای محاسبه شاخص بارش استاندارد و پایش خشکسالی‌ها طی این دوره از سازمان هواشناسی کشور اخذ گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقادیر تولید خالص اولیه با متوسط بیش از gC.m-2.month-1 50، طی فصل بهار و اوایل تابستان در مناطق مرطوب اتفاق می‌افتد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که NPP در اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی ایران رو به افزایش است و بطور متوسط تولید خالص اولیه کل اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی کشور حدود gC.m-2.yr-1 13± 112/6 است. به عبارتی حدود 76 میلیون تن کربن در سال توسط گیاهان موجود در اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی کشور ترسیب می‌شود. روند تغییرات سری ماهانه NPP به دلیل تاثیرپذیری ازخاصیت فصلی معنادار نشد ولی تغییرات سالانه NPP در تمام مناطق روند افزایشی معناداری را نشان داد. 2 The present study was conducted to investigate NPP changes and its relationship with drought. The monthly time series of NPP for the country's rangelands was prepared from the sum of net photosynthesis production (PSN) of the eight-day MODIS sensor (MOD17A2H) with a spatial scale of 500 m for 2000 to 2022.The monthly rainfall data of 165 synoptic stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization to calculate the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and monitor droughts in this period. Box plots of precipitation and NPP were prepared and showed that the highest values of NPP with an average of more than 50 gC.m-2month-1 occur during spring and early summer in humid areas. Results showed that NPP is increasing in Iran's rangeland ecosystems, and on average, the NPP of all rangeland ecosystems in the country is about 112.6 ± 13 gC.m-2.year-1 ,in other words, about 76 million tons of carbon per year. It is absorbed by the plants in the rangeland ecosystems of the country. The trend of changes in the monthly series of NPP was not significant due to the influence of seasonal characteristics, but the annual changes of NPP showed a significant trend of increase in all regions. 35 52 2023/09/92023/09/22023/08/25 1402/6/3 2023/12/112024/01/292024/01/29 1402/11/9 زهرا سنایی Z. Sanaee گروه مهندسی مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران sanaeezahra@gmail.com رضا مدرس R. Modares گروه مهندسی مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران modarres2005@gmail.com پوریا محیط اصفهانی P. Mohit Esfahani گروه مهندسی مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران poriamohit.72@gmail.com NPP SPI trend analysis test monthly precipitation MODIS sensor تولید خالص اولیه شاخص بارش استاندارد آزمون تحلیل روند بارش ماهانه سنجنده مودیس 1. Acharya, B. S., Rasmussen and J. Eriksen. 2012. Grassland carbon sequestration and emissions following cultivation in a mixed crop rotation. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment 153 (24): 33–39.##2. Araghi-Shahri, S. M., S. Soltani1., M. Tarkesh and S. Pourmanafi. 2020. Investigating the effects of teleconnection indices on net primary production in the north of Iran’s Alborz Mountains. Journal of applied ecology 9(3): 1-16. (In Persian).##3. Bazame, H. C., D. Althoff, R. Filgueiras, M. L. Calijuri and J. C. D. Oliveira. 2019. Modeling the net primary productivity: A study case in the Brazilian territory. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 47: 1727-1735. ##4. Bastos, A., S.W. Running, C. Gouveia and R. M. Trigo. 2013. The global NPP dependence on ENSO: La Niña and the extraordinary year of 2011. Journal of geophysical research: Biogeosciences 118: 1247–1255. ##5. Ciais, P., M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, A. Granier, J. Og´ee and V. Allard. 2005. 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Quantitative assessment of the impact of human activities on terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River delta. Sustainability 12(4): 1697.##10. Jafari, F., R. Jafari and H. Bashari. 2023. Comparing actual and potential productions of rangeland ecosystems of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province in different rangeland conditions. Journal of applied ecology 11(4): 1-14. (In Persian).##11. Karandish, F. and S. S. Mousavi. 2018. Climate change uncertainty and risk assessment in Iran during twenty-first century: evapotranspiration and green water deficit analysis. Theoretical and applied climatology 131(1): 777-791.##12. Kemp, D.R., H. Guodong, H. Xiangyang, D.L. Michalk, H. Fujiang, W. Jianping and Z. Yingjun. 2013. Innovative grassland management systems for environmental and livelihood benefits. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 110(21): 8369-8374.##13. Khatibi, R. and M. Saberi. 2020. Bio-climatic classification of Iran by multivariate statistical methods. 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بررسی ویژگی‌های جدید میکرواکولوژیک تالاب درگه‌سنگی در استان آذربایجان غربی Investigating the New Micro-Ecological Characteristics of Darga-Sangi Wetland in West Azarbaijan Province 1 1 تالاب‌ها به عنوان منابع آبی شکننده دائماً تحت تاثیر تغییرات اقلیمی و فعالیت‌های انسانی می‌باشند. اخیراً دخالت‌های انسانی و کاهش آب‌های سطحی در حوزه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه موجب تغییر میکروفلور و پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی تالاب‌ها شده است که نیازمند مطالعه است. در این تحقیق ابتدا تنوع ریزجلبک‌های تالاب درگه سنگی بررسی شد. تحقیق نشان داد جمعیت فیتوپلانکتون‌ها شامل Chlorophyta (2 رده، 10 خانواده و 22 جنس)، Cyanobacteriota (1 رده، 3 خانواده و 4 جنس)، Streptophyta (1 رده، 2 خانواده و 2 جنس)، Ochrophyta (2 رده، 2 خانواده و 2 جنس) و Bacillariophyta (4 رده، 6 خانواده و 10 جنس) می‌باشند. همچنین، مقدار pH، میزان اکسیژن مورد نیاز زیستی (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) و اکسیژن مورد نیاز شیمیایی (Chemical Oxygen Demand) بررسی شد. بیشترین مقدار BOD5 آب تالاب درگه‌سنگی مربوط به فصل تابستان بین 78 تا 98 میلی‌گرم در لیتر و بیشترین مقدار COD مربوط به فصل تابستان و بین 159 تا 198 میلی‌گرم در لیتر برآورد شد. نتایج نشان داد که ورود میزان بالایی از مواد آلی و معدنی به تالاب بر غنی‌شدن تالاب و شکوفایی ریزجلبک‌ها تاثیرگذاشته است که از دیدگاه اکولوژیک نگران کننده است. بار باکتریایی این تالاب آن را در وضعیت نامناسبی قرار می‌دهد که می‌تواند برای گونه‌هایبومی و مهاجر خطرناک باشد. 2 Wetlands, as fragile water sources, are constantly affected by climate change and human activities. Recently, human intervention and the reduction of surface water in the catchment area of Lake Urmia have altered the microflora and physicochemical parameters of the wetlands, which need to be investigated. Results showed that phytoplankton populations of Darga-Sangi wetland consisted of Chlorophyta (2 classes, 10 families, and 22 genera), Cyanobacteriata (1 classes, 3 families, and 4 genera), Streptophyta (1 classes, 2 families, and 2 genera), Ochrophyta (2 classes, 2 families, and 2 genera), and Basillariophyta (4 orders, 6 families, and 10 genera ). In addition, pH value, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were investigated. The highest amount of BOD5 of Darga-Sangi wetland was estimated to be between 78 and 98 mg/l, while the highest amount of COD was 159 and 198 mg/l during the summer season. 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Cambridge University Press. Landen.##3. Carrier, G., J. Berthelier, A. Maupetit, E. Nicolau, M. Marbouty, N. Schreiber, A. Charrier, C. Carcopino, L. Leroi and B. Saint-Jean. 2023. Genetic and phenotypic intra-species diversity of alga Tisochrysis lutea reveals original genetic structure and domestication potential. European Journal of Phycology 59: 1-18.##4. Bellinger, E. G. and D. C., Sigee. 2010. Fresh water algae: identification and use as bioindicators. John wiley and Sons Ltd, 271. ##5. Cheraghpoor, J., S. Afsharzadeh, M. Sharifi, R. Ramezannejad Ghadi and M. Masoudi. 2013. Phytoplankton diversity assessment of Gandoman wetland, west of Iran. The Iranian Journal of Botany 19: 61-153. ##6. Dugan, P. 1993. Wetlands in danger: a world conservation atlas. Oxford University Press. New York.##7. Eimanifar, A and Mohebbi, F. 2007. Urmia Lake (northwest Iran): A brief review. Aquatic Biosystems 3: 30-38. ##8. Gorbani, S. Manaffar, R., A. Taei and R. Malek Zade. 2013. Molcular diversity studing in Dunaliella genus in some site of Urmia Lake. Journal of Plant Biology 77: 89-98. (In Persian) ##9. Gaonkar, C. C. and L. Campbell. 2023. Metabarcoding reveals high genetic diversity of harmful algae in the coastal waters of Texas, Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 121: 102368.##10. Gopal, B. and M. Chauhan. 2001. South Asian wetlands and their biodiversity: the role of monsoons. Biodiversity in Wetlands: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23: 305–313.##11. Gharibkhany, M., M., Tatina, Z. Ramezanpur and F. Chobian. 2015. Studying the diversity, density and abundance of phytoplanktons of Esteel lagoon in Astara. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 3: 41-54. (In Persian)##12. Gholami, Z., M. S. Mortazavi and A. Karbassi. 2019. Environmental risk assessment of harmful algal blooms case study: Persian Gulf and Oman Sea located at Hormozgan province, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 25: 271-296. ##13. 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Padial and L. C. Vieira. 2023. Functional and taxonomic diversities are better early indicators of eutrophication than composition of freshwater phytoplankton. Hydrobiology 850: 1393-1411.##18. Manaffar, R and S. Ghorbani. 2015. Algae bloom in northwest Urmia Lake (Bari station). Cellular and Molecular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 28: 115-123. (In Persian)##19. Mitchell, S. A. 2013. The status of wetlands, threats and the predicted effect of global climate change: the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Aquatic Sciences 75: 95-112.##20. Mitsch, W. J. and J. G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands. Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.##21. Musavi, M. S. 2010. Study of the effects of salmon farms production on water quality of the Dohezar Tonekabon river based on coarse fauna of basti invertebrates. MSc. Thesis. Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian) ##22. Polle, J. E. W., D.Tran and A. Ben-Amotz. 2009. History, distribution, and habitats of algae of the genus Dunaliella Teodoresco (Chlorophyceae). In Ben-Amotz, A., Polle, J. E. W. and Subba Rao, D. V. (Eds.) The Alga Dunaliella: Biodiversity, Physiology, Genomics and Biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield. 1-14.##23. Naeem, S., D. R. Hahn and G. Schuurman. 2000. Producer–decomposer co-dependency influences biodiversity effects. Nature 403: 762-764.##24. Nejat khah M. P., M. Mahdavi and M. Frozad. 2009. Plankton sutding and water quality monitoring of BandAli Khan lagoon. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1: 149-162. (In Persian)##25. Prescott, G. W. 1962. Algae of western great lakes area. W. M. C. Brown compony publishing, Iowa, USA. 933.##26. Ramberg, L., P., Hancock, M. Lindholm, T. Meyer, S. Ringrose, J. Silva, J. Van As and C. Vanderpost. 2006. Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Aquatic Sciences 68: 310–337.##27. Ramezan Zade, H. 2003. Studying on epiphytic algae of Amir Kelayeh pond and Comparing of algal communities on different substrates. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of science, The University of Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)##28. Reynolds, C. S. 1984. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. UK.##29. Sakhaei, N., B. Doostshenas and P. Mobed. 2017. Determining the Bahmanshir river health and biodiversity using Nygaard-Palmer and Saprobic indices. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 26: 163-176. (In Persian)##30. Shadrin, N., D. Balycheva and E. Anufriieva. 2021. Microphytobenthos in the hypersaline water bodies, the case of Bay Sivash (Crimea): Is salinity the main determinant of species composition?. Water 13: 1542.##31. Singh, Y., A., Gulati, D. P. Singh and J. I. S. Khattar. 2018. Cyanobacterial community structure in hot water springs of Indian north-western Himalayas: a morphological, molecular and ecological approach. Algal Research 29:179-192.##32. Tiffany, L. H. and M. E. G. Britton. 1971. The algae of Illinois. Hanfer publishing company, New York, USA, 407.##33. Verdelho Vieira, V., J. P., Cadoret, F. G. Acien and J. Benemann. 2022. Clarification of most relevant concepts related to the microalgae production sector. Processes 10: 1-11.##34. White, T. J., T., Bruns, S. Lee and J. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetic analyses. PP. 315-322. In: Innis, M. A, Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J. and White, T. J. (eds.), PCR Protocols, Academic Press, Waltham.##35. Yoshida, K. O. H., T., Iwanaga, A. Yoshitake, T. Mine, M. Omura and K. Kimura. 2023. Species-specific monitoring of skeletonema blooms in the coastal waters of Ariake sound, Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12: 31-46.## ##

اثرات لاشبرگ‌های ترکیبی بلوط ایرانی، داغداغان و بنه بر نرخ تجزیه و پویایی عناصر غذایی در جنگل‌های زاگرس (مطالعه موردی: استان ایلام) Effects of Mixed Leaf Litters of Iranian Oak, Tree of Heaven, and Wild Pistachio on Decomposition and Dynamics of Nutrients in Zagros Forests (Case Study: Ilam Province) 1 1 تجزیه لاشبرگ نقش کلیدی در چرخه عناصر غذایی بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی بازی می‌کند، با این حال هنوز درک جامعی در مورد اثرات لاشبرگ‌های ترکیبی بر نرخ تجزیه وجود ندارد. در مطالعه حاضر پویایی عناصر غذایی و نرخ تجزیه لاشبرگ‌های بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.)، داغداغان (Celtis australis L.) و بنه (Pistacia atlantica Desf) در حالت‌های خالص و ترکیبی بررسی شد. در این پژوهش تعداد 81 کیسه لاشبرگ تک‌جیبه و دوجیبه در منطقه مورد بررسی نصب و طی 180 روز با فواصل زمانی 30، 60 و 180 روز مورد انکوباسیون قرار گرفتند. براساس نتایج، در پایان دوره انکوباسیون، تجزیه لاشبرگ بلوط در ترکیب با لاشبرگ داغداغان، لاشبرگ داغداغان در ترکیب با لاشبرگ بنه و لاشبرگ بنه در ترکیب با لاشبرگ بلوط مثبت و از نوع هم‌افزایی بود. همچنین در پایان دوره بررسی، غلظت نیتروژن در لاشبرگ بلوط ترکیبی با داغداغان بیشتر از حالت خالص آن بود، اما غلظت فسفر در حالت‌های خالص و ترکیبی اختلاف معنی‌داری نشان نداد. غلظت پتاسیم فقط در لاشبرگ بنه ترکیبی با بلوط بیشتر از حالت خالص آن بود. به‌طور کلی، یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان‌دهنده اثرات غیرافزایشی مثبت لاشبرگ‌های ترکیبی بر نرخ تجزیه بود، ولی در خصوص پویایی عناصر غذایی، این اثرات فقط در مورد نیتروژن مثبت گزارش شد. 2 Leaf litter decomposition plays a key role in the nutrient cycle of forest ecosystems. However, there is not a comprehensive understanding of the non-additive decomposition effects in leaf litter mixing experiments. In this study, the dynamics of nutrients and the rate of decomposition of Iranian oak (Quercus brantii), tree of heaven (Celtis caucasica), and wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) were investigated in both pure and mixed stands. For this purpose, 81 single- and double-litter bags were placed in the study area and incubated for 180 days. According to the results, at the end of the incubation period, the decomposition of oak litters in combination with tree of heaven, tree of heaven in combination with wild pistachio, and wild pistachio in combination with oak showed positive results. Based on the results, the nitrogen concentration in oak mixed with tree of heaven was higher than in its pure state. But the concentration of phosphorus in its pure and combined states did not show any significant differences. In general, the findings showed the positive non-additive effects of litter on its decomposition rate. Regarding the dynamics of nutrients, these effects were considered positive only for nitrogen. 67 79 2023/09/92023/09/22023/08/252023/11/52023/10/4 1402/7/12 2023/12/112024/01/292024/01/292024/01/292024/02/6 1402/11/17 ساناز رمضانی S. Ramezani دانشگاه ملایر ایران sanaz.ramezanii73@gmail.com فرهاد قاسمی آقباش F. Ghasemi Aghbash دانشگاه ملایر ایران ghasemifa@gmail.com Leaf litter quality non-additive effects Iranian oak litterbag Zagros forests کیفیت لاشبرگ اثرات غیرافزایشی بلوط ایرانی کیسه لاشبرگ جنگل‌های زاگرس 1. Aerts, R. 2006. The freezer defrosting: global warming and litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. Journal of Ecology 94(4): 713-724.##2. Barbe, L, C. Mony., V. Jung., M. Santonja., I. Bartish and A. Prinzing. 2018. Functionally or phylogenetically distinct neighbors turn antagonism among decomposing litter species into synergy. Journal of Ecology 106: 1401-1414.##3. Berg, B., and C. McClaugherty. 2014. Plant litter: Decomposition, Humus Formation, Carbon Sequestration, third edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 315P.##4. Berg, B., B. Erhagen., M.B. Johansson., M. Nilsson., J. Stendahl and F. Trum. 2015. Manganese in the litter fall-forest floor continuum of boreal and temperate pine and spruce forest ecosystems – a review. Forest Ecology and Management 358: 248-260. ##5. Berger, T and P. Berger. 2014. Does mixing of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) litter hasten decomposition? Plant Soil 377: 217-234.##6. Beyranvand, M and F. Ghasemi Aghbash. 2020. Non-additive effects of European black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Mill.) mixed leaflitters on decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaflitters. Forest and Wood Products 73(3): 305-315. (In Persian).##7. Bohara, M., R. Kailash., P. Yadav., W. Dong., J. Cao and CH. Hu. 2019. Nutrient and isotopic dynamics of litter decomposition from different land uses in naturally restoring Taihang mountain, North China. Sustainability 11: 1-19.##8. Boyero, L., J. Pé rez., N. Ló pez-Rojo., A.M. Tonin., F. Correa-Araneda and R.G. Pearson. 2021. Latitude dictates plant diversity effects on instream decomposition. Science Advances 7(13): eabe7860. ##9. Bradford, M.A., B. Berg., D.S. Maynard., W.R. Wieder and S.A. Wood. 2016. Understanding the dominant controls on litter decomposition. Journal of Ecology 104: 229-238.##10. Bremner, J. M and C.S. Mulvaney. 1982. Nitrogen-Total. pp. 595-624, In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.##11. Cassart, B., A.A. Basia., M. Jonard and Q. Ponette. 2020. Average leaf litter quality drives the decomposition of single-species, mixed-species and transplanted leaf litters for two contrasting tropical forest types in the Congo Basin (DRC). Annals of Forest Science 77:1-20.##12. Cisse, M., S. Traore and B.A. Bationo. 2021. Decomposition and nutrient release from the mixed leaf litter of three agroforestry species in the Sudanian zone of West Africa. SN Applied Sciences 3:273. ##13. De Long, J. R., E. Dorrepaal., P. Kardol., M.C. Nilsson., L.M. Teuber and D.A. Wardle. 2016. Understory plant functional groups and litter species identity are stronger drivers of litter decomposition than warming along a boreal forest post-fire successional gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 98: 159-170. ##14. Gao, J., F. Kang and H. Han. 2016. Effect of litter quality on leaf-litter decomposition in the context of home-field advantage and non-additive effects in temperate forests in China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(5): 1911-1920.##15. Gartner, T. B and Z. G. Cardon. 2004. Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos 104: 230-246.##16. Ghasemi Aghbash, F and M. Beyranvand. 2021. Effect of litter quality and Home-Field advantage on leaf-litter decomposition of Tree of heaven and European black pine leaf-litters. Iranian Journal of Forest 13 (3): 319-332. (In Persian).##17. Ghasemi Aghbash, F., V. Hosseini and M. Poureza. 2016. Nutrient dynamics and early decomposition rates of Picea abies needles in combination with Fagus orientalis leaf litter in an exogenous ecosystem. Annals of Forest Research 59(1): 21-32.##18. Gnankambary, Z., J. Bayala., A. Malmer., G. Nyberg and V. Hien. 2008. Decomposition and nutrient release from mixed plant litters of contrasting quality in an agroforestry parkland in the south-Sudanese zone of West Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 82: 1-13.##19. He, W., Z. Ma., J. Pei., M. Teng., L. Zeng., Z. Yan., Z. Huang., Z. Zhou., P. Wang and X. Luo. 2019. Leaf litter decomposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Forests 10: 360.##20. Hoorens, B., M. Stroetenga and R. Aerts. 2010. Litter mixture interactions at the level of plant functional types are additive. Ecosystems 13: 90-98.##21. Issac, R.A and W.C. Johnson. 1975. Collaborative study of wet and dry techniques for the elemental analysis of plant tissue by atomic absorption spectrometer. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 58(3): 427-631.##22. Leroy, F., S. Gogo., A. Buttler., L. Bragazza and F. Laggoun-Défarge. 2018. Litter decomposition in peatlands is promoted by mixed plants. Journal of Soils and Sediments 18: 739-749.##23. Li, SH., Y. Tong and Zh. Wang. 2017. Species and genetic diversity affect leaf litter decomposition in subtropical broadleaved forest in southern Chin. Journal of Plant Ecology 10(1): 232-241.##24. Liao, S., X. Ni., W. Yang., H. Li., B. Wang., C. Fu., Z. Xu., B. Tan and F. Wu. 2016. Water, rather than temperature,##dominantly impacts how soil fauna affect dissolved carbon and nitrogen release from fresh litter during early litter decomposition. Forests 7: 249.##25. Liu, J., X. Liu., Q. Song., Z. Compson., C.J. LeRoy., F. Luan., H. Wang., Y. Hu and Q. Yang. 2020. Synergistic effects: a common theme in mixed-species litter decomposition. New Phytologist 227(3): 757-765.##26. Mao, B., T. Cui., T. Su., Q. Xu., F. Lu., H. Su., J. Zhang and SH. Xiao. 2022. Mixed-litter effects of fresh leaf semi-decomposed litter and fine root on soil enzyme activity and microbial community in an evergreen broadleaf karst forest in southwest China. Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 1-15.##27. Montané, F., J. Romanya., P. Rovira and P. Casals. 2013. Mixtures with grass litter may hasten shrub litter decomposition after shrub encroachment into mountain grasslands. Plant and Soil 368: 459-469.##28. Nelson, D.W and L.E. Sommers. 1996. 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Xiao. 2018. Effects of mixed leaf litter from predominant afforestation tree species on decomposition rates in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Science of the Total Environment 639: 679-686.##34. Zhao, W., R.S.P.V. Logtestijn., J.R.V. Hal., M. Dong and J.H.C. Cornelissen. 2019. Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil 436: 311-324.## ##

ارزیابی بیلان انرژی و اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید بادام با استفاده از شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی (مطالعه موردی:شهرستان لنجان، استان اصفهان) Evaluating the Energy Balance and Environmental Effects of Almond Production Using Artificial Neural Networks (Case Study: Lenjan County, Isfahan Province) 1 1 این پژوهش با هدف بررسی بیلان انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی تولید بادام به‌صورت کشت سنتی و مکانیزه در شهرستان لنجان در استان اصفهان انجام گرفت. اطلاعات مربوط به مصرف نهاده‌ها و ستانده‌ها با استفاده از ۱۷۵ پرسش‌نامه در کشت سنتی و 171 پرسش‌نامه در کشت مکانیزه جمع‌آوری گردید. انرژی معادل نهاده‌ها و ستانده‌ها و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی با استفاده از ضرایب هم‌ارز نهاده‌ها محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد کل انرژی مصرفی در کشت سنتی و مکانیزه به ترتیب 14108/53 و 13767/39 مگاژول در هکتار، کارایی انرژی 0/19 و 0/24 و بهره‌وری انرژی 0/1 و 0/12 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول بود. از لحاظ آماری اختلاف معنی‌دار بین شاخص شدت انرژی و انرژی مصرفی در دو روش سنتی و مکانیزه مشاهد شد (P≤ 0.05) ولی بین شاخص شدت انرژی در این دو روش اختلاف معنی‌دار مشاهده نشد. بر اساس تحلیل اقتصادی نسبت سود به هزینه در کشت سنتی و مکانیزه برابر با 3/27 و 4/2 بود. مقدار پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی حاصل از کشت سنتی 533/23 ودر کشت مکانیزه 672/3 کیلوگرم معادل‌دی اکسیدکربن در هکتار محاسبه شد و بیشترین میزان آلایندگی زیست محیطی در کشت سنتی و مکانیزه مربوط به سوخت دیزل به ترتیب با 64/46 و 83/83 درصد بود. 2 This research was conducted to investigate the energy balance and global warming potential of almond production through by traditional and mechanized cultivation in Lenjan county, Isfahan province. Information related to the consumption of inputs and outputs was collected using 175 and 177 questionnaires in traditional and mechanized cultivation, respectively. Equivalent energy of inputs and outputs, as well as global warming potential, were calculated using coefficients of equivalent inputs. The results showed that the total energy consumption in traditional and mechanized cultivation is 14108.53 and 13767.39 MJ ha -1, energy efficiency is 0.19 and 0.24, and energy efficiency is 0.10 and 0.12 kg/MJ, respectively. Statistically, a significant difference was observed between the energy intensity index and energy consumption in both methods (P≤ 0.05). However no significant difference was observed between the energy intensity index in these two methods. Based on the economic analysis, the profit-to-cost ratio in traditional and mechanized cultivation was 3.27 and 4.2, respectively. The global warming potential from traditional and mechanized cultivation was 533.23 and 672.3 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare. The highest levels of environmental pollution in traditional and mechanized farming were associated with diesel fuel, accounting for 64.46% and 83.83%, respectively. 81 95 2023/09/92023/09/22023/08/252023/11/52023/10/42023/09/29 1402/7/7 2023/12/112024/01/292024/01/292024/01/292024/02/62024/02/22 1402/12/3 امیر عزیزپناه A. Azizpanah دانشگاه ایلام ایران a.azizpanah@ilam.ac.ir مهناز هادی M. Hadi دانشگاه ایلام ایران mimhadi0034@gmail.com مهدی قاسمی M. Ghasemi دانشگاه ایلام ایران ghasemymahdi@gmail.com Crop yield net income global warming artificial neural network almonds عملکرد محصول درآمد خالص گرمایش جهانی شبکه عصبی مصنوعی بادام 1. Aghkhani, M. H., S. Ahmadipour, H. Soltanali and A. Rohani. 2018. Greenhouse gas emission, energy use and cost analysis of citrus production: Case Study of Mazandaran Province. 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