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پیش‌بینی تأثیر تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش گیاهان دارویی Echium amoenum و Echium italicum در ایران Predicting the Effect of Climate Change on the Distribution of Echium Amoenum and Echium Italicum in Iran 1 1 پیش‌بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش گونه‌های گیاهی باارزش و در معرض خطر، امری ضروری در جهت حفاظت و مدیریت آن‌ها به‌شمار می‌آید. در این پژوهش، از مدل آنتروپی بیشینه (MaxEnt) و 10 متغیر محیطی برای پیش‌بینی پراکنش فعلی و آینده گونه‌هایE. amoenum و E. italicum در پاسخ به تغییر اقلیم استفاده شد. همچنین برای پیش‌بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم در آینده (دهه‌های ۲۰۵۰ و ۲۰۷۰) از دو سناریوی اقلیمی PCR 2.6 و PCR 8.5 تحت مدل گردش عمومی CCSM4 استفاده شد. ارزیابی صحت مدل‌ها بر اساس شاخص Area under the curve (AUC) بیانگر عملکرد عالی (0/9>) آنها است. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که مهم‌ترین متغیرهای تأثیرگذار بر پراکنش گونۀ E. amoenum، شیب (38/8%)، دامنه سالیانه دما (11/5%) و میزان بارش در خشک-ترین فصل (31/9%) هستند. همچنین میزان تابش نورخورشید (37/6%)، شیب (36/4%) و دمای متوسط سردترین فصل (11/5%) از مهمترین فاکتورهای محیطی موثر بر پراکنش گونۀ E. italicum به شمار می‌آیند. به علاوه نتایج نشان می‌دهد که پراکنش گونه‌های موردمطالعه در پاسخ به تغییر اقلیم و تحت سناریوهای انتشار RCP2.6 و RCP8.5 در دهه‌های 2050 و 2070 کاهش خواهند یافت. بنابراین نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش بر لزوم تعیین راهبردهای حفاظتی به منظور جلوگیری از انقراض این گونه‌ها تأکید می‌نماید.    2 Predicting the effect of climate change on the distribution of valuable and endangered plant species is essential for their conservation and management. In this study, the MaxEnt model and 10 environmental variables were used to predict the current and future distribution of E. amoenum and E. italicum in response to climate change. Also, to predict the effect of climate change in the future (the 2050s and 2070s), two climate scenarios of RCP 2.6 and RCP8.5 were used under the CCSM4 general circulation model. Evaluating the accuracy of the models based on the AUC index indicates their excellent performance (<0.9). Resutls  of this study reveal that the most important variables affecting the distribution of E. amoenum species are slope (38.8%), annual temperature range (11.5%), and precipitation in the driest season (31.9%) are. Also, the solar radiation (37.6%), slope (36.4%), and the average temperature of the coldest season (11.5%) are the most important environmental factors affecting the distribution of E. italicum. In addition, the results show that the distribution of the studied species will decrease in response to climate change and under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 in the 2050s and 2070s. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the need to develop  conservation strategies to prevent the extinction of these species. 1 21 2021/11/17 1400/8/26 2022/02/21 1400/12/2 فرزانه خواجوئی نسب F. Khajoei Nasab گروه علوم و زیست فناوری گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران farzaneh.khajoei@yahoo.com احمدرضا محرابیان A. Mehrabian گروه علوم و زیست فناوری گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران A_mehrabian@sbu.ac.ir اکبر نعمتی پرشکوه A. Nemati Parshkouh گروه علوم و زیست فناوری گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران homolus@yahoo.com Climate change Maximum entropy model Boraginaceae Conservation Species distribution modeling تغییراقلیم مدل آنتروپی بیشینه گاوزبانیان حفاظت مدلسازی پراکنش گونه‌ای 1. 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برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی پایدار برای حفاظت از خرس سیاه بلوچی (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) در جنوب استان کرمان Sustainable strategic planning for the conservation of the Baluchistan black bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) in the south of Kerman province, Iran 1 1 هدف از تحقیق حاضر، تحلیل نقاط قوّت، ضعف، تهدیدها و فرصت ها در حفاظت از خرس سیاه بلوچی در جنوب استان کرمان با استفاده از رویکردهای کمّی و کیفی و ارائه برنامه مدیریت راهبردی پایدار جهت حفظ و بقای این گونه است. با استفاده از پرسشنامه، فهرست عوامل محیط داخلی و خارجی مدیریت محیط زیستی جمعیت خرس سیاه در استان کرمان تدوین شد. میزان اهمیت نسبی این عوامل وزن دهی شده و ماتریس ارزیابی موقعیت و اقدام راهبردی ترسیم و سپس با تشکیل ماتریس برنامه ریزی راهبردی کمّی، راهبردهای مختلف اولویت بندی شدند. به‌طورکلی، تعداد 11 نقطه قوت داخلی، 4 نقطه ضعف داخلی، 5 فرصت خارجی و 4 تهدید خارجی، شناسایی شد. نمره نهایی ماتریس عوامل داخلی (2/0418=IFE) نشان می دهد که نقاط ضعف بیشتر از نقاط قوت بوده و نمره ماتریس عوامل خارجی (2/07462=EFE) نشان می‌دهد که در حل مشکل تعارض، تهدیدهای بیشتری نسبت به فرصت‌ها وجود دارد. نتایج حاصل از ماتریس ارزیابی موقعیت و ماتریس برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی کمّی نشان داد که راهبردهای تدافعی برای حفاظت از خرس سیاه بلوچی در جنوب کرمان لازم است. اجرای مطالعات ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی طرح‌های توسعه ای و عمرانی در مناطق زیستگاهی خرس سیاه به‌عنوان اولین اولویت راهبردهای تدوین شده، تعیین شد. 2 The purpose of this study was to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the conservation of Baluchistan black bear in the south of Kerman province using the quantitative and qualitative approaches and presenting the sustainable strategic management program for conservation of this species. Using questionnaire, a list of internal and external environmental factors was compile. The relative importance of these factors was weighted and the Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix were drawn and then, the various initial strategies were quantified with the formation of the strategic planning matrix. A total of 11 internal strengths, 4 internal weaknesses, 5 external opportunities and 4 external threats were identified. The final score of the internal factors matrix (IFE = 2.01418) shows that, the weaknesses are more than the strengths and the score of the external factors matrix (EFE = 2.07462) shows that there are more threats than opportunities in solving the conflict problem. The results of the SPACE matrix showed that the defensive strategies should be used for the protection of the Black bear in the south of Kerman province. Implementation of environmental assessment studies for development projects in the Black bear habitats was determined as the first modified solution. 23 38 2021/11/172021/07/5 1400/4/14 2022/02/212022/02/21 1400/12/2 منصور کلمرزی M. Kalmorzi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بندرعباس، ایران. ایران ash.13634@gmail.com صابر قاسمی S. Ghasemi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بندرعباس، ایران. ایران saberghasemi@gmail.com Kerman Province Defensive Strategies Baluchistan Black Bear QSPM SWOT مدیریت راهبردی پایدار برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک کمی راهبردهای تدافعی خرس سیاه آسیایی 1. Ahamdi, M., M. Kaboli, J. Imani Harsini, R. Khosravi Sharifabadi, and M. Almasi. 2012. Strategic management plan for Wolf (Canis lupus) in Hamedan province: An approach to reducing Human-Wolf conflicts. Journal of Natural Environment, 65(3), 271-281 (In Persian). DOI: 10.22059/JNE.2012.29783##2. Ahmadzadeh, F., H. Liaghati, B. Hassanzadeh Kiabi, A.R. Mehrabian, A. Abdoli, and H. Mostafavi. 2008. 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مدل‌سازی پراکنش حال حاضر و آینده لاک‌پشت برکه‌ای خزری (Mauremys caspica) بر اساس سناریوهای تغییر اقلیم Modeling Current and Future Potential Distributions of Caspian Pond Turtle (Mauremys caspica) under Climate Change Scenarios 1 1 لاک‌پشت‌ها در معرض تهدیدترین گروه آرایه‌شناختی در میان خزندگان هستند. با این وجود، دانش چندانی در زمینه پاسخ این گروه از موجودات در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی وجود ندارد. این پژوهش، با هدف ارزیابی پیامدهای تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش جغرافیایی لاک‌پشت برکه‌ای خزری (Mauremys caspica) انجام شد. به این منظور، از رویکرد مدل‌سازی اجماعی شامل شش مدل شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، روش تعمیمی تقویت شده، مدل خطی تعمیم‌یافته، تحلیل ممیزی انعطاف‌پذیر، جنگل تصادفی و رگرسیون چند متغیره تطبیقی استفاده شد. پیش‌بینی پراکنش زیستگاه‌های مطلوب اقلیمی گونه مورد مطالعه بر اساس مدل گردش عمومی MRI-CGCM3 و چهار سناریوی افزایش گازهای گلخانه‌ای (RCP) برای سال‌ 2070 صورت گرفت. بر اساس یافته‌ها، سطح زیستگاه مطلوب اقلیمی گونه‌ مورد مطالعه در حدود 5/835941 کیلومتر مربع (حدود 8/73 درصد) از کل منطقه مورد مطالعه برآورد شد. مجموع بارندگی سالیانه (24/56 درصد)، مجموع بارندگی پربارش‌ترین فصل سال (24/28 درصد)، تغییرات فصلی بارندگی (16/93 درصد) و تغییرات فصلی دما (14/64 درصد) بیشترین مشارکت را در مطلوبیت اقلیمی این گونه داشتند. در حدود 26 تا 33 درصد از وسعت زیستگاه‌‌های لاک‌پشت برکه‌ای خزری به واسطه تغییر اقلیم تا سال 2070 مطلوبیت اقلیمی خود را از دست خواهد داد. یافته‌های این پژوهش بر ضرورت درک پیامدهای پیچیده تغییر اقلیم بر حیات وحش به ویژه گونه‌های تهدید شده تاکید دارد. 2 Although turtles are the most threatened taxonomic group within the reptile class, we have a very limited understanding of how turtles respond to climate change. Here, we evaluated the effects of climate changes on the geographical distribution of Caspian pond turtle (Mauremys caspica). We used an ensemble approach by combining six species distribution models including artificial neural network, generalized boosted model, generalized linear model, flexible discriminant analysis, random forest and multivariate adaptive regression splines. To predict the future distribution, modelling projection of MRI-CGCM3 was used for the year 2070 under four scenarios of representative concentration pathways (RCP). Based on the findings, the suitable habitat of Caspian pond turtle was estimated to be about 835941 km2 (about 8.73%) of the study area. Our model projections showed that about 26 to 33% of the current suitable habitats will be unsuitable by 2070 due to climate change. The annual precipitation (24.56%), precipitation of wettest quarter (24.28%), precipitation seasonality (16.93%) and temperature seasonality (14.64%) had the highest contribution to model performance of Caspian pond turtles. Overall, our findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive understanding of the complex effects of climate change on the species, specially turtles. 39 51 2021/11/172021/07/52022/01/5 1400/10/15 2022/02/212022/02/212022/03/6 1400/12/15 محمدرضا اشرف زاده M. R. Ashrafzadeh دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران mrashrafzadeh@sku.ac.ir زهرا شجاعی Z. Shojaei دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران fereydonsk@yahoo.com فردین شالویی F. Shaloei دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران fardin.shaluei@gmail.com علی اصغر نقی پور A. A. Naghipour دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران aa.naghipour@sku.ac.ir مریم حیدریان M. 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نقش عوامل توپوگرافی و سازند زمین در شدت تاج‌خشکیدگی جنگل‌های حوزه زاگرسی استان ایلا The Role of Topographic Factors and Land Formation on the Severity of Forest Crown Dieback in the Zagrossian Sector of Ilam Province 1 1 هدف این پژوهش بررسی برخی عوامل محیطی زوال جنگل‌های زاگرس در استان ایلام بود. در این راستا، لایه‌های رستری ارتفاع از سطح دریا، شیب، جهت، سایه‌دامنه، شکل زمین و سازند در جنگل‌های زاگرسی استان ایلام تهیه شد. نقشه پراکنش پوشش جنگلی زنده و خشکیده نیز با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست 8 به‌دست آمد. سپس، درصد پوشش خشکیده جنگل در هر طبقه خاص از عوامل مورد بررسی با استفاده از  سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که 2/37 درصد از تاج‌پوشش کل درختان خشکیده بود. اختلاف تاج‌پوشش خشکیده در سطح شکل‌های مختلف زمین ناچیز بود. بیشینه‌ و کمینه سطوح خشکیده پوشش جنگل به‌ترتیب در جهت‌های جنوبی (2/7 درصد) و شمالی (1/73 درصد)، شیب 20-0 درصد (2/6 درصد) و بیش از 80 درصد (1/52 درصد)، ارتفاع کمتر از 1300متر (3/36 درصد) و بیش از 1700متر (0/52 درصد)، سایه‌دامنه 102-0 (2/56 درصد) و 255-204 (0/82 درصد)، سازند گچساران (5/08 درصد) و سازند آسماری-شهبازان (0/96 درصد) مشاهده شد. بر این ‌اساس، مقادیر خشکیدگی در شیب‌های جنوبی 9/35 درصد بیشتر از شیب‌های شمالی، سایه‌دامنه کم 68 درصد بیشتر از سایه‌دامنه زیاد و ارتفاعات پایین 84/5 درصد بیشتر از ارتفاعات بالا بود. خشکیدگی بیشتر جنگل در دامنه‌های کمتر سایه‌گیر و ارتفاعات پایین، که از شرایط محیطی خشک‌تری برخوردارند، بیان‌گر نقش مؤثر خشکسالی‌های اخیر در تشدید روند خشکیدگی این جنگل‌ها است. 2 The purpose of this study was to investigate some environmental factors of Zagros forest dieback. In this regard, raster layers of elevation, slope, aspect, hillshade, toposhape and the land formation of Zagros forests in Ilam province were prepared. The distribution map of live and dieback forest cover were also prepared, using Landsat 8 panchromatic images. Then, the percentage of dieback forest cover in each  specific class of the studied factors was calculated, using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that 2.37% of the forest cover area is dieback canopy. The difference in the percentage of dieback forest cover between landforms was negligible. Maximum and minimum dieback areas of forest cover were in southern aspects (2.7%) and northern aspects (1.73%), slope class 0%-20% (2.6%) and more than 80% (1.52%), elevation less than 1300 m (3.36%) and more than 1700 m (0.52%), hillshade class 0-102 (2.56%) and 255-204 (0.82%), Gachsaran formation (5.08%) and Asmari-Shahbazan formation (0.96%), respectively. As a result, the amount of dieback in the southern slopes was 35.9% higher than the northern, in low hillshade was 68% more than high hillshade and in low elevations was 84.5% higher than high elevations. It seems that the higher ratio of crown dieback was occurred in the less hillshade and at low elevations, due to higher temperatures and lower soil moisture in these areas, which indicates the effective role of recent droughts in intensifying the process of forest dieback. 53 66 2021/11/172021/07/52022/01/52021/11/21 1400/8/30 2022/02/212022/02/212022/03/62022/04/18 1401/1/29 علی نجفی فر A. Najafifar مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام ایران alinajafifar@yahoo.com مهدی پورهاشمی M. Pourhashemi موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور ایران pourhashemi@rifr-ac.ir جعفر حسین زاده J. Hoseinzadeh دانشگاه ایلام ایران j.hoseinzadeh@gmail.com شمس اله عسگری Sh. Asgari مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام ایران shamsasgari@yahoo.com محمدرضا جعفری M. R. Jafari مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام ایران mg_jafari@yahoo.com Altitude Ilam province Crown dieback Western oak forests Slope Hillshade ارتفاع از سطح دریا استان ایلام تاج خشکیدگی جنگل‌های بلوط غرب جهت دامنه سایه‌دامنه 1. Alesheikh, A.A and R. Mehri. 2019. Modeling oak decline using artificial neural networks. Scientific - Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 110(28): 65-76. (In Persian).##2. Amir Ahmadi, B., R. Zolfaghari and M.R. Mirzaei. 2017. Relation between dieback of Quercus brantii Lindl. Trees with ecological and sylvicultural factors, (study area: Dena protected area). Ecology of Iranian Forests, 3(6): 19-27. (In Persian).##3. Attarod, P., S.M. Moein Sadeghi, F. Taheri Sarteshnizi, S. Saroyi, P. Abbasian, M. Masihpoor, F., Kordrastami and A. Drikvandi. 2016. Meteorological parameters and evapotranspiration affecting the Zagros forests decline in Lorestan province. Forest and Range Protection Research, 13(2): 97-112.##4. Augusta, C., P. Helena and M. Manuel. 2010. Analysis of spatial patterns of oak decline in cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean conditions. Annals of Forest Science, 204(67): 1-10..##5. Davari, M., A. Payghami, A. Javanshir and T. Ebrahimi. 2003. Investigation of causes of decline and mortality of oak trees (Querus macranthera) in Hatam Beyg forest (Qinerjeh) Meshkinshahr. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3): 1-14. (In Persian).##6. Galiano, L., J. Martinez-Vilalta, S. Sabate and F. Liret. 2012. Determinants of drought effects on crown condition and their relationship with depletion of carbon reserves in a Mediterranean holm oak forest. Tree Physiology, 32: 478-489.##7. Garrett, K.A., S.P. Dendy, E.E. Frank, M.N. Rouse and S.E. Travers. 2006. Climate change effects on plant disease: Genomes to Ecosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44(1): 489-509.##8. Golmohamadi, F., I. Hassanzad Navroodi, A.E. Bonyad and J. Mirzaei. 2017. Effects of some environmental factors on dieback severity of trees in middle Zagros forests of Iran (Case study: strait Daalaab, Ilam province). Journal of Plant Researchs, 30(3): 644-655. (In Persian).##9. Guarin, A and A.H. Taylor. 2005. Drought triggered tree mortality in mixed conifer forests in Yosemite national park, California, USA, Forest Ecology and Management, 218: 229-244.##10. Hamzehpour, M., H. Kia-Daliri and , K. Bordbar. 2011. Preliminary study of manna oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) tree decline in Dashte-Barm of Kazeroon, Fars province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 19(2): 352-363 (In Persian).##11. Hanewinkel, M., D.A. Cullmann, M. Schelhaas, G. Nabuurs and N.E. Zimmermann. 2013. Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land, Nature Climate Change, 3: 203–207.##12. Hosseinzadeh, J. 2021. Decline of Forest Ecosystems (with emphasis on the Zagros vegetation region). Ilam University Press, Ilam. 216 p. (In Persian).##13. Hosseinzadeh, J and M. Pourhashemi. 2015. Investigation on relationship between crown indices and the severity of decline in Ilam Oak forests. Iranian Journal of Forest, 7(1): 57-66. (In Persian).##14. Hossieni, A and S.M. Hossieni. 2016. The Role of topographic and edaphic factors in mortality of trees in middle zagros Persian Oak (Quercus brantii) forests. Journal of Zagros Forests Researches, 3(1): 47-58. (In Persian).##15. Jafari, M.R., A. Hosseini and J. Hoseinzadeh. 2020. Spatial distribution map of degradation in Zagros forests of Ilam city. Ecology of Iranian Forests, 8(15): 1-9. (In Persian).##16. Jafari, M.R., M. Pourhashemi, A. Nowroozi, K. Mirakhorlu and M. Mohammadpour. 2013. Identification and zonation of dried Oak forests in Ilam province using RS and GIS, Research Institute of Forests and angelands. Tehran, 55 pp. (In Persian).##17. Jose-M, A., G. Antonio, I. Beatriz and G.A. Lorena. 2016. 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بررسی تأثیرعلف‌کش‌های گلایفوسیت، گلایفوزینات آمونیوم و بیس‌پیریباک‌سدیم به کار رفته در کنترل گیاه سنبل آبی بر فراوانی و تنوع جوامع پلانکتونی The Effect of Herbicides Used in the Control of Water Hyacinth; Glyphosate, Glufosinate-Ammonium and Bispyribac Sodium on Diversity and Abundance of Planktonic Communities 1 1 گیاه سنبل آبی بومی آمازون بوده و یکی از بدترین گونه‌های مهاجم در جهان به شمار می‌رود. این گیاه از سال 1390 به بعد اکثر عرصه‌های آبی شمال کشور را اشغال نمود. استفاده از علف‌کش‌ها به‌عنوان یکی از روش‌های کنترل گیاه، رایج بوده و تلاش می‌گردد تا فرمولاسیونی با کمترین تأثیر بر محیط‌زیست انتخاب گردد. در این مطالعه سه نوع علف‌کش گلایفوسیت، گلایفوزینات آمونیوم و بیس‌پیریباک‌سدیم برای کنترل گیاه سنبل آبی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و اثرات استفاده از آنها روی فراوانی و تنوع جوامع پلانکتونی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. گلایفوسیت روی سنبل آبی اثرمهار کنندگی فوری داشته درحالی که دو علف کش دیگر در زمان طولانی‌تری اثر داشتند. نتایج بررسی نشان داد که حدود 90 درصد فراوانی فیتوپلانکتون مربوط به شاخه دیاتومه‌ها و حدود 71 درصد فراوانی زئوپلانکتون مربوط به راسته پروتوزوآ بود. تنوع جنس‌های فیتو و زئوپلانکتونی بعد از اعمال تیمار تغییری نداشته و تعداد جنس‌ها در استخرهای شاهد تقریباً ثابت بود. در انتهای دوره فراوانی فیتوپلانکتون با اعمال تیمارها به‌ویژه در تیمار رانداپ وضعیت بهتری داشت. غلظت مورد استفاده علف‌کش‌ها علاوه بر اثر‌گذاری مطلوب روی گیاه سنبل آبی تأثیر منفی معنی‌داری بر تنوع و فراوانی جوامع پلانکتونی نداشت. 2 Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is native to the Amazon basin and is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. It has been an invasive species in aquatic ecosystems of northern Iran since 2011. The use of herbicides as a method of plant control is common and efforts are made to select a formulation with the least impact on the environment. In the current study, three types of herbicide including glyphosate (Roundup), Glufosinate-ammonium (Basta) and Bispyribac sodium (Nominee) were used to control water hyacinth and the effects of their use on the abundance and diversity of planktonic communities were investigated. Roundup treatment has an immediate effect on water hyacinth, while Basta and Nominee treatments were effective for a longer period of time. Results showed that about 90% of phytoplankton and 71% of zooplankton belonged to the diatom and protozoa, respectively. The diversity of plankton species did not change after herbicides application and the number of genera in control ponds was almost constant. The phytoplankton abundance was higher after herbicides applications, especially in the Roundup treatment. The used doses of herbicides not only had a controlling effect on water hyacinth but also had no significant negative effect on the diversity and abundance of planktonic communities. 67 80 2021/11/172021/07/52022/01/52021/11/212022/01/10 1400/10/20 2022/02/212022/02/212022/03/62022/04/182022/04/30 1401/2/10 علیرضا میرزاجانی A. Mirzajani موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران armirzajani@gmail.com سیامک باقری S. Bagheri موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران Siamakbp@gmail.com جلیل سبک آرا J. Sabkara موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران jsabkara@yahoo.com مرضیه مکارمی M. Makaremi موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران marziyeh.makaremi@yahoo.com سپیده خطیب S. Khatib موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران sepidehkhatib@yahoo.com نوشین نظام آبادی N. Nezamabadi موسسه تحقیقات گباه پزشکی کشور ایران nezamabadi_n@yahoo.com رودابه روفچایی A. mirzajani موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران roofchaie@gmail.com صاحبعلی قربانی A. mirzajani موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران sahebali_ghorbani@yahoo.com فریبا مددی F. Madadi موسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور ایران frb_madadi@yahoo.com Chemical control Water hyacinth Herbicides Roundup Basta Nominee Plankton کنترل شیمیایی سنبل آبی علف‌کش رانداپ باستا نومینی پلانکتون 1. Adekoya, B.B. 2015. Chemical control of watre hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) at ere, Ogun state, Nigeria: Implication for aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity conservation. Accessed on 2020-07-26, http://aquaticcommons.org/942/1/WH_086-098.pdf.##2. Amini Rad, M. 2017. Biology, phenology and distribution map of Eichhornia crassipes in northern provinces of Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, p. 30 (In Persian).##3. Anonymous 2019. Safety data sheet. 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مقایسه ویژگی‌های خاکسترِ حاصل از سوزاندن لاشبرگ و شاخه در گونۀ مازودار (.Quercus infectoria Oliv) Comparison of Ash Properties from Burning Litter and Branches of Quercus infectoria Oliv. 1 1 خاکسترِ حاصل از آتش‌سوزی حاوی عناصر غذایی مهمی است که با ایجاد تغییراتی در خاک، نقش مهمی را در جنگل ایفا می‌کند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی خصوصیات خاکسترِ حاصل از سوزاندن لاشبرگ و شاخه‌های‌گونه مازودار، (.Quercus infectoria Oliv) انجام گرفت. نمونه‌های لاشبرگ و شاخه‌های با قطر کمتر از 2 و 5-2 سانتی‌متر، در زیر تاج هشت پایه درخت مازودار در جنگل‌های بخش دزلی شهرستان سروآباد استان کردستان جمع‌آوری گردید. نتایج نشان داد که رنگ خاکستر در لاشبرگ‌ها، خاکستری تیره (5Y2.5/1) و درهر دو تیمار شاخه شاخه‌های با قطر کمتر از 2 سانتی‌متر و شاخه‌های با قطر 5-2 سانتی‌متر، خاکستری روشن (5Y6/1) بود. مقدار پتاسیم، pH و هدایت الکتریکی در خاکسترِ هر سه تیمار، نسبت به نمونه‌های نسوخته، به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافتند، در حالی که مقدار کلسیم، کربن آلی و نیتروژن کل در هر سه تیمار، زمانی که سوزانده شدند، کاهش پیدا کردند. همچنین مقدار فسفر در خاکسترِ لاشبرگ‌ها، نسبت به لاشبرگ‌های نسوخته، به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت؛ اما مقدار آن در هر دو تیمارِشاخه‌ها، کاهش یافت. به‌طور کلی با وجود همسان بودن الگوی تغییرات متغیرهای مورد بررسی در هر سه تیمار شاخه‌ها طی سوختن اختلاف بیشتری را نسبت به شاهد نشان دادند، به‌طوری که بیانگر شدت بیشتر سوختن در شاخه‌ها نسبت به لاشبرگ‌ها بودند. 2 Fire ash contains essential nutrients that play an important role in the forest by changing soil properties. The goal of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of ash from burning litter and branches of Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.). Litter and dried branches with a diameter of less than 2 and 2-5 cm were collected under the canopy of eight oak trees in Dezli, Sarvabad county, Kurdistan province. The results showed that the colors of ashes were dark gray (5Y2.5/1) in the litter and light gray(5Y6/1) in both branch treatments. The amount of K, pH and electrical conductivity increased significantly in the ashes of all three treatments compared to unburned samples, while the amount of Ca, organic carbon and total nitrogen were decreased considerably in all three treatments after burning. The amount of P in the ash of the litter increased significantly compared to the unburned litter; however, its amount decreased in both branch treatments. In general, despite the similarity of the pattern of changes in all three treatments, branch treatments showed more differences during the burning than the control, indicating a higher burning of branches compared to the litter.   81 94 2021/11/172021/07/52022/01/52021/11/212022/01/102021/12/21 1400/9/30 2022/02/212022/02/212022/03/62022/04/182022/04/302022/05/31 1401/3/10 شیوا سعیدی Sh. Saeedi دانشگاه کردستان ایران Saeedi.Shiva74@gmail.com وحید حسینی V. Hosseini دانشگاه کردستان ایران V.hosseini@uok.ac.ir کیومرث محمدی سمانی K. Mohammadi Samani دانشگاه کردستان ایران K.mohammadi@uok.ac.ir Ash Fire Litter Northern Zagros Oak آتش‌سوزی بلوط خاکستر زاگرس شمالی لاشریزه 1. Alcaniz, M., L. Quteiro, M. Francos, J. Farguell and X. Ubeda. 2016. Long-term dynamics of soil chemical properties after a prescribed fire in a Mediterrsnean Forest (Montgri Massif, Catalonia, Spain). Science of the Total Environment 572: 1329-1335.##2. Bodi, M. B., G. Sheridan, P. Noske, J. Cawson, V. Balfour, S. H. 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