مقایسه خوش‌خوراکی چند گونه مرتعی برای چرای گوسفند (مطالعه موردی: مراتع روستای ده‌شیخ در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد) Comparing the Palatability of Some Plant Species for Sheep Grazing (Case Study: Rangelands of Deh- Shiekh in Kohkiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province) 1 1 آگاهی از خوش¬خوراکی گونه‌های گیاهی در برآورد تولید علوفه قابل‌ دسترس دام در هر رویشگاه مرتعی امری ضروری است. در این تحقیق از روش زمان‌سنجی با هدف تعیین خوش¬خوراکی سه گونه چند‌ساله Gundelia tournefortii، Bromus tomentellus و Hordeum bulbosum و دو گونه یک‌ساله Aegilops triuncialis و Taeniatherum crinitum در مراتع روستای ده‌شیخ در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد استفاده شد، به این صورت که از چرای دو رأس گوسفند از گیاهان مختلف (بعد از یک ساعت چرای عادی با هدف حذف اثر گرسنگی دام) زمان‌سنجی به¬عمل آمد و مدت‌زمان چرای دام از هر گونه گیاهی مشخص شده و با توجه به ‌کل زمان چرا، درصد خوش-خوراکی هر گونه تعیین شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد گونه‌های مورد مطالعه در زمان‌های مختلف در طول روز دارای خوش¬خوراکی یکسانی برای گوسفند هستند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد در مرحله رشد رویشی و گلدهی، گونه Hordeum bulbosum به¬ترتیب با 24/01 و 29/70 درصد و در مرحله بذردهی نیز گونه‌ Bromus tomentellus با 22/44 درصد، دارای بیشترین خوش¬خوراکی بودند؛ بنابراین می‌توان سیستم چرا برای این مرتع را طوری اعمال کرد که هر تیپ گیاهی زمانی مورد چرا واقع شود که در آن مرحله از رشد، گونه‌های تشکیل‌دهنده آن تیپ، بیشترین خوش¬خوراکی را برای گوسفند داشته باشند. با اعمال چنین سیستم چرایی، از یک‌طرف عملکرد دام افزایش پیدا می‌کند و از طرف دیگر دام با عدم نیاز به لگدکوبی گونه‌ها برای پیدا کردن گونه خوش¬خوراک، باعث از بین رفتن سایر گونه‌ها نمی¬شود. 2 Awareness of rangelands plants palatability is required for estimating available forage to animals in all plant communities. In this research recording method was used to determine species palatability in rangelands of Deh- Shiekh in Kohkiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province. Three perennial species including Gundelia tournefortii, Bromus tomentellus, Hordeum bulbosum and two annual species of Agelups triancialis and Treniatherum crinitum were selected. Livestock grazing from different plants was recorded and the time was measured. After one hour, normal grazing was performed and the duration of livestock grazing on each species was determined. Based on the duration of grazing on each species, palatability percentage of each species was estimated. Results showed that the studied species had similar palatability for sheep at different time of the day. Among the species, during vegetative and flowering stages, Hordeum bulbosum showed the highest palatability with an amount of 24.01 and 29.70 percent respectively. Bromus tomentellus showed the highest palatability in seed maturity period (22.44%). Thus, it is possible to control the grazing system to graze each plant type at one stage of growth with the highest palatability. Using this kind of grazing system increases livestock performance, decreases soil compaction and helps to conserve rangeland plants. 1 13 2020/11/15 1399/8/25 2021/05/2 1400/2/12 وحید سیاره V. Sayare دانشگاه تهران ایران vahid.sayare@ut.ac.ir حسین ارزانی H. Arzani دانشگاه تهران ایران harzani@ut.ac.ir علی طویلی A. Tavili دانشگاه تهران ایران atavili@ut.ac.ir محمد علی زارع چاهوکی M. A. Zare Chahouki دانشگاه تهران ایران mazare@ut.ac.ir Deh-Sheikh Rangelands Palatability Phenological stages Sheep Rangeland species مراتع ده‌شیخ مرحله رشد خوش‌خوراکی گوسفند گونه‌های مرتعی 1. Alilou, F., F. Keivan Behjou, E. Sheidae Karkaj, R. Ahmadkhani and J. Motamedi. 2017. Surveying effect of livestock grazing management on functional and structural characteristics of ecosystem in khoy mountain rangelands. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 24(3): 596-609. 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انتخاب نواحی مناسب برای کاشت حرا Avicennia marina در منطقه ساحلی بوشهر با استفاده از روش بهترین- بدترین و تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره Suitable Site Selection for Avicennia marina Plantation in the Coastal Region of Bushehr, using Best-Worst Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method 1 1 این مطالعه به‌منظور شناسایی مناطق مستعد کاشت حرا در خور سلطانی در ساحل شهر بوشهر انجام شد. معیارهای مؤثر جهت کاشت و توسعه حرا در این مطالعه شامل ویژگی‌های زمین (کاربری اراضی، شیب، ارتفاع، هدایت الکتریکی خاک، بافت خاک، و نوع خاک)، آب دریا (دامنه جزر و مد، موج، pH، هدایت الکتریکی، و شوری) و اقلیم (دما، رطوبت نسبی، بارش، حداقل و حداکثر دمای مطلق) است. با استفاده از یک شبکه آماربرداری سیستماتیک- تصادفی، نقاط نمونه¬گیری مشخص و 10 نمونه آب و خاک برداشت و متغیرهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی آنها اندازه¬گیری شد. نقشه¬های موضوعی معیارها تهیه و از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی برای مدل‌سازی و تحلیل فضایی و تلفیق لایه‌ها استفاده شد. با استفاده از نظر کارشناسان و تحقیقات گذشته و با کمک روش دلفی، ارجحیت معیار تعیین شده و معیارها با روش بهترین- بدترین (Best-Worst method) وزن‌دهی شدند. با روی¬هم‌گذاری معیارهای وزن¬داده‌شده با روش وزن‌دهی افزودنی ساده (Weighted Linear Combination= WLC)، مکان‌های مناسب کاشت و توسعه گونه حرا به طبقات نامناسب، نسبتاً مناسب و مناسب طبقه‌بندی شد. نتایج نشان داد 24 درصد از مناطق (18/25 هکتار) در محدوده مناسب، 24/3 درصد (18/5 هکتار) در محدوده نسبتاً مناسب، و 51/8 درصد (39/4 هکتار) در طبقه نامناسب برای کاشت این گونه قرار دارد. 2 This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for planting Avicennia marina in Soltani Khore of the urban coast of Bushehr. The most effective criteria for Avicennia marina planting include land characteristics (i.e. land use, slope, elevation, soil electrical conductivity, soil texture, and soil type), seawater (i.e. tidal range, wave, acidity, electrical conductivity, and salinity), and climate (i.e. temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures) were considered. Ten soil and water samples were collected, using a systematic-random sampling network and their physicochemical variables were measured. The thematic maps of the criteria were prepared and the geographic information system was used to analyse and present spatial data. Using expert opinions and literature review, the priority of the criteria was determined by Delphi method and the criteria were weighted by the Best-Worst method (BWM). Based on the overlay of weighting criteria, using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC), suitable sites for planting and development of Avicennia marina were classified as suitable, relatively suitable and not suitable. The results showed that 24% (18.25 ha) of the total areas were suitable, 24.3% (18.5 ha) of the land was relatively suitable, and 51.8% (39.4 ha) was not suitable for planting and development of Avicennia marina species. 15 33 2020/11/152020/03/1 1398/12/11 2021/05/22021/05/12 1400/2/22 محمد گلستانی M. Golestani گروه منابع طبیعی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران ایران golestanimohammad13@yahoo.com فاضل امیری F. Amiri دانشیار گروه منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران، ایران famiri@iaubushehr.ac.ir Avicennia marina Site selection GIS Best-Worst method (BWM) Multi-criteria evaluation Soltani Khore Urban coastal zone مانگرو مکان‌یابی سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی روش بهترین- بدترین ارزیابی چندمعیاره خور سلطانی منطقه ساحلی شهری 1. 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عوامل اثرگذار بر ترس از خرس قهوه‌ای (Ursus arctos) در بین ساکنان مناطق حفاظت‌شده استان البرز Factors Affecting Local People’s Fear of Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos) in Protected Areas of Alborz Province 1 1 ترس از گوشت¬خواران در جوامع محلی ساکن در زیستگاه گوشت¬خواران، حفاظت و مدیریت این جانوران را با چالش جدی روبرو کرده است. این رفتار می‌تواند بر نگرش مردم درباره حیات¬وحش تأثیرگذار باشد و حفاظت و مدیریت این گوشت¬خواران را با مشکل روبرو کند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر ترس روستاییان از خرس قهوه‌ای در منطقه حفاظت¬شده البرز مرکزی جنوبی و منطقه شکارممنوع طالقان در استان البرز است. به‌منظور بررسی نقش برخی متغیرهای فردی و تجربی، با طراحی پرسشنامه‌، اطلاعات لازم از 200 نفر از ساکنان 70 روستا در زیستگاه‌های خرس قهوه‌ای در فاصله زمستان 1397 تا تابستان 1398 جمع‌آوری شد. تأثیر متغیرهای مستقل برداشت‌شده بر اظهار ترس مصاحبه‌شوندگان از حضور خرس، با استفاده از روش رگرسیون منطقی دوتایی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده، متغیرهای تجربه حمله خرس به باغ میوه پاسخگویان در یک سال گذشته، باور به نقش خرس در احیای مراتع و جنگل‌ها، جنسیت بومیان مناطق مورد مطالعه، باور به این که خرس امنیت مردم را به خطر می‌اندازد و همچنین نگرانی از سلامتی، تأثیر معناداری بر اظهار ترس ساکنان مناطق مورد مطالعه از خرس قهوه‌ای داشت. طراحی و اجرای برنامه‌های آموزشی و مشارکت مردمی برای افزایش آگاهی ساکنان درباره خرس قهوه‌ای و درگیرساختن آنان در شناسایی راهکارهای همزیستی با خرس می‌تواند در کاهش ترس مردم مؤثر باشد. 2 Wildlife management and conservation is challenged by public perceptions and fear of carnivores in communities living in close proximity to wild habitats, where large carnivores occur. Fear of carnivores influences people's attitudes towards wild animals, further exacerbating the problems associated with effective conservation and management of wildlife. Here, we aimed to investigate the factors affecting rural attitudes towards brown bears in two protected areas (Southern-Central Alborz protected area and Taleghan prohibited hunting area) in Alborz province. To evaluate the effect of participant and experimental variables, we used a questionnaire survey. Data were collected from 200 randomly chosen residents from 70 villages across both study areas between winter of 2018 and summer of 2019. Binomial Logistic Regression was used to analyze the effect of independent variables on interviewees' fear of coexistence with brown bears. Our results revealed that experiences of brown bear attacks on orchards, respondents’ belief of bears’ role in reforestation, gender, respondents’ belief that bears jeopardize people’s safety, and respondents’ concern for coexisting with brown bears play a significant role in shaping human fear towards this species. Development and implementation of educational programs to reduce local people’s fear of large carnivores and improving the sense of public participation in wildlife conservation and management programs, particularly in villages located in or adjacent to protected areas, are highly recommended. 35 49 2020/11/152020/03/12020/10/29 1399/8/8 2021/05/22021/05/122021/05/12 1400/2/22 هستی رشنو H. Rashnoo دانشگاه تهران ایران hasti.rashnoo@ut.ac.ir محمد کابلی M. Kaboli دانشگاه تهران ایران mkaboli@ut.ac.ir علیرضا محمدی A. Mohammadi دانشگاه جیرفت ایران armohammadi1989@gmail.com دانیال نیری D. Nayeri دانشگاه تهران ایران Danial.nayeri021@gmail.com جواد سلیاری J. Selyari سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست ایران. ایران jselyari@yahoo.com بهنام رحمانی B. Rahmani Uinversity of Tehran ایران rahmani.behnam@ut.ac.ir Alborz province protected areas human-wildlife conflict brown bear fear of large carnivores local people wildlife damage to human resources استان البرز مناطق حفاظت‌شده تعارض انسان و حیات‌وحش خرس قهوه‌ای ترس از حیات‌وحش روستاییان خسارت حیات‌وحش. 1. Ambarlı, H. 2019. Analysis of wolf-human conflicts: implications for damage mitigation measures. European Journal of Wildlife Research 65(6): 81.##2. Anderson, D. and K. Burnham. 2004. Model selection and multi-model inference. Second. NY: Springer-Verlag 63(2020): 10. ##3. Ataei, F., M. Karami and M. Kaboli. 2012. Summer habitat suitability modeling of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in Southern Alborz Protected Area. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 65(2): 235-245. (In Farsi)##4. Balčiauskas, L., H. Ambarlı, L. Balčiauskienė, G .Bagrade, M. Kazlauskas, J. Ozoliņš, D. Zlatanova and A. Žunna. 2020. 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ارزیابی همبستگی بین خدمت بوم‌شناختی گرده‌افشانی و سنجه‌های الگوی سیمای سرزمین (منطقه مورد مطالعه: استان قزوین) Evaluating the Correlation Between Pollination Ecosystem Service and Landscape Pattern metrics (Case Study: Qazvin Province) 1 1 گرده‌افشانی یک خدمت بوم‌شناختی با ارزش اقتصادی غیرقابل انکار است که با رفاه انسان و سلامت بوم‌شناختی سیمای ‌سرزمین مرتبط است. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی همبستگی بین پیچیدگی سیمای ‌سرزمین و خدمت گرده‌افشانی (زنبور) در مقیاس سیمای ‌سرزمین استان قزوین انجام شده است. در این مطالعه، سنجه‌های الگوی سیمای ‌سرزمین (تعداد لکه، غنای لکه، تراکم حاشیه و تنوع شانون) به عنوان شاخصی برای ارزیابی پیچیدگی سیمای سرزمین، با الگوریتم مدل¬ساز در نرم‌افزار ArcGIS و خدمت گرده‌افشانی با مدل InVEST استخراج شد. همبستگی بین خدمت گرده‌‌افشانی و پیچیدگی سیمای سرزمین در محیط SPSS محاسبه شد. نتایج همبستگی بین خدمت گرده‌افشانی و سنجه‌های الگوی سیمای ‌سرزمین نشان داد همبستگی بین گرده‌افشانی و تنوع شانون با رگرسیون خطی، مناسب‌ترین نتیجه را در پی داشته و دارای رابطه معنی‌دار در سطح 0/01 است (**0/420). همبستگی دیگر سنجه‌های الگوی سیمای‌سرزمین با گرده‌افشانی، با رگرسیون درجه 2 مناسب تشخیص داده شد. همبستگی تعداد لکه (**0/171) و غنای لکه (**0/352) در سطح 0/01 معنی‌دار بوده و همبستگی تراکم حاشیه معنی‌دار نبود (0/002). نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که در تعداد و غنای لکه کمتر، همبستگی مثبت و در تعداد و غنای لکه بیشتر، همبستگی منفی وجود دارد که نشان¬دهنده اثر تکه‌تکه‌شدگی بر ارائه خدمت گرده‌افشانی است. نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند در برنامه‌ریزی سیستم‌های کشاورزی و مدیریت تنوع زیستی به¬منظور حفظ فرایندهای بوم‌شناختی کاربرد داشته باشد. 2 Pollination is an ecological service with high economic values related to human and ecological wellbeing. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between landscape complexity and pollination service (bee) in Qazvin province at the landscape scale. Landscape pattern metrics (Number of Patches (NP), Patch Richness (PR), Edge Density (ED), and Shannon Index (H)), as a proxy of landscape complexity, were calculated by the model builder in the ArcGIS and pollination service was generated by InVEST. The correlation between landscape complexity and pollination service was evaluated by SPSS software. Results of the correlation between landscape metrics and pollination service, using Linear regression, showed that H has the highest and the most significant relationship with pollination at the 0.01 level (0.420**). Correlation between other metrics and pollination was found to better explauned by Quadratic regression, showing a significant correlation with NP (0.171**) and PR (0.352**) at the 0.01 level and a non-significant relationship with ED (0.002). It was concluded from our results that in the low NP and PR, correlation is high and positive, and in the high NP and PR, correlation is negative, indicating the effect of fragmentation on pollination service. The results of this study can be used in agricultural system planning and biodiversity management to preserve the ecological processes. 51 63 2020/11/152020/03/12020/10/292021/01/9 1399/10/20 2021/05/22021/05/122021/05/122021/05/23 1400/3/2 آصف درویشی A. Darvishi دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران Asefdarvishi1980@gmail.com مریم یوسفی M. Yousefi دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران Yousefi.myb@gmail.com نغمه مبرقعی دینان N. Mobarghaee Dinan دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران n_mobarghei@yahoo.com Ecosystem Services Pollination Biodiversity Agricultural Production Qazvin Province خدمات اکوسیستم گرده‌افشانی تنوع زیستی تولیدات کشاورزی استان قزوین 1. Birkhofer, K., E. Diehl, J. Andersson, J. Ekroos, A. Früh-Müller, F. Machnikowski, V. L. Mader, L. Nilsson, K. Sasaki, M. Rundlöf and V. Wolters. 2015. Ecosystem services- current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2: 87. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00087.##2. Burkhard, B., F. Kroll, S. Nedkov and F. Müller. 2012. Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators 21: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019.##3. Cardille, J. A. and M. G. Turner. 2017. Understanding landscape metrics. pp. 45-63, In: Gergel, S. E. and M. G. Turner (eds.), Learning landscape ecology. Springer, New York, NY.##4. Cunningham, C., P. Tyedmers and K. Sherren. 2018. Primary data in pollination services mapping: potential service provision by honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Cumberland and Colchester, Nova Scotia. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 14(1): 60-69.##5. Daily, G. 1997. Nature's Services. Island Press, Washington, DC.##6. Darvish Sefat, A., M. Pirbaveghar and M. Rajabpour. 2013. Remote sensing for GIS managers. Tehran University Press, Tehran. (In Farsi)##7. Darvishi, A., M. Ghorban, S. Fakheran and A. Soffianian. 2014. Network analysis and key actors toward wildlife management (case study: habitat of Caucasian black grouse, Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve). Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology 3(9): 29-41. (In Farsi). http://ijae.iut.ac.ir/article-1-564-en.html.##8. Darvishi, A., S. Fakheran, A. Soffianian and M. Ghorbani. 2014. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern changes in the Caucasian black grouse (Tetrao mlokosiewiczi) habitat in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology 2(5): 27-38. (In Farsi). http://ijae.iut.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html.##9. Darvishi, A., S. Fakheran and A. Soffianian. 2015. Monitoring landscape changes in Caucasian black grouse (Tetrao mlokosiewiczi) habitat in Iran during the last two decades. Environmental monitoring and assessment 187(7): 443. ##10. Darvishi, A., S. Fakheran, A. Soffianian and M. Ghorbani. 2016. Change detection and land use/cover dynamics in the Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Natural Environment 68(4): 559-572. (In Farsi) ##11. Darvishi, A., M. Yousefi and J. Marull. 2020. Modelling landscape ecological assessments of land use and cover change scenarios, application to the Bojnourd Metropolitan Area (NE Iran). Land Use Policy 99: 105098. ##12. Darvishi, A., M. Yousefi and N. Mobarghei Dinan. 2020. Investigating the effect of socio-economic disturbance resulting from human activities on landscape ecological function using HANPP index (case study: Qazvin Province). Journal of Natural Environment 73(3): 471-484. (In Farsi)##13. Darvishi, A., N. Mobarghaee Dinan, S. Barghjelveh and M. Yousefi. 2020. Assessment and spatial planning of landscape ecological connectivity for biodiversity management (case study: Qazvin Province). Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology 9(1): 15-29. (In Farsi). http://ijae.iut.ac.ir/article-1-975-en.html.##14. Dicks, L. V., B. Viana, R. Bommarco, B. Brosi, C. Arizmendi, S. A. Cunningham, L. Galetto, R. Hill, A. V. Lopes, C. Pires and H. Taki. 2016. Ten policies for pollinators, what governments can do to safeguard pollination services. Science 354(6315): 14-15.##15. Farina, A. 2008. Principles and methods in landscape ecology: towards a science of the landscape, Vol. 3. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp. 235. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8984-0.##16. Free, J. B. 1993. Insect pollination of crops, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London, UK.##17. Gallai, N. J., M. Salles, J. Settele and B. E. Vaissière. 2009. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics 68: 810-821.##18. Garibaldi, L. A., I. Steffan‐Dewenter, C. Kremen, J. M. Morales, R. Bommarco, S. A. Cunningham, L. G. Carvalheiro, N. P. Chacoff, J. H. Dudenhöffer, S. S. Greenleaf and A. Holzschuh. 2011. Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology letters 14(10):1062-1072. ##19. Gökyer, E. 2013. Understanding landscape structure using landscape metrics. pp. 663-676, In: Advances in Landscape Architecture. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55758.##20. Hosseini, Y., A. Monfared and M. Haghani. 2019. A survey on Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) species available in Iranian Pollinator Insects Museum of Yasouj University. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 5(3): 231-261.##21. IPBES. 2016. The assessment report of the intergovernmental sciencepolicy Platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Potts, S. G., Imperatriz Fonseca V. L. and H. T. Ngo (eds.). Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 3402856.##22. Jia, X., B. Fu, X. Feng, G. Hou, Y. Liu and X. Wang. 2014. The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi, China. Ecological indicators 43: 103-113. ##23. Kass, M. J. 2020. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Natural Resources and Environment 34(3): 62.##24. Klein, A. M., B. E. Vaissière, J. H. Cane, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S. A. Cunningham, C. Kremen and T. Tscharntke. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the royal society B: biological sciences 274(1608): 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721.##25. Llorens, T. M., M. Byrne, C. J. Yates, H. M. Nistelberger and D. J. Coates. 2012. Evaluating the influence of different aspects of habitat fragmentation on mating patterns and pollen dispersal in the birdpollinated Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia. Molecular Ecology 21(2): 314-328.##26. Lopes, A. V., L. C. Girão, B. A. Santos, C. A. Peres and M. Tabarelli. 2009. Long-term erosion of tree reproductive trait diversity in edge-dominated Atlantic forest fragments. Biological Conservation 142(6): 1154-1165.##27. Marull, J., S. Herrando, L. Brotons, Y. Melero, J. Pino, C. Cattaneo, M. Pons, J. Llobet and E. Tello. 2019 Building on Margalef: testing the links between landscape structure, energy and information flows driven by farming and biodiversity. Science of the Total Environment 647: 603-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.129. ##28. Nasiri, V. and A. DarvishSefat. 2018. Analysis of land use and land cover using ecological landscape metrics (case study: Arasbaran region). Environmental Sciences 16(3): 101-118. (In Farsi)##29. Nasiri, V., A. Darvishsefat, R. Rafiee, A. Shirvany and M. A. Hemat. 2019. Land use change modeling through an integrated multi-layer perceptron neural network and Markov chain analysis (case study: Arasbaran region, Iran). Journal of Forestry Research 30(3): 943-957. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-018-0659-9.##30. Nasiri, V., M. ghorbani and A. DarvishSefat. 2020. An approach for quantifying the spatial disturbance variations based on landscape metrics (case study: Arasbaran Protected Area during 1990-2014). Journal of Natural Environment 73(2): 397-409. (In Farsi). doi: 10.22059/jne.2020.292039.1844.##31. Nicholson, C. C., I. Koh, L. L. Richardson, A. Beauchemin and T. H. Ricketts. 2017. Farm and landscape factors interact to affect the supply of pollination services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 250: 113-122.##32. Öckinger, E. and H. G. Smith. 2007. Semi‐natural grasslands as population sources for pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes. Journal of applied ecology 44(1): 50-59.##33. Ollerton, J., R. Winfree and S. Tarrant. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos 120: 321-326.##34. Ricketts, T. H., J. Regetz, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S. A. 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Energy return on investment, a new approach to ecological sustainability and its correlation with landscape heterogenity (case study: Qazvin Province). Agroecology 13 (1). (In Farsi)##44. Zulian, G., J. Maes and M. L. Paracchini. 2013. Linking land cover data and crop yields for mapping and assessment of pollination services in Europe. Land 2(3): 472-492.## ##

ارزیابی روند تغییرات بوم‌شناختی تالاب شادگان با استفاده از تصاویر سنجنده مودیس (از سال 2003 تا 2017) Evaluating the Trend of Ecological Changes in Shadegan Wetland Using MODIS Imagery (2003-2017) 1 1 امروزه خطر نابودی و تخریب تالاب¬ها به یکی از مهم‌ترین بحران‌های محیط¬زیستی در جهان تبدیل شده است. از این¬رو پایش پیوسته و طولانی¬مدت روند تغییرات بوم¬شناختی تالاب‌ها می‌تواند نقش کلیدی در حفاظت و مدیریت اصولی آنها داشته باشد. در مطالعه حاضر روند تغییرات ماهانه برخی شاخص‌های بوم¬¬شناختی محیط آبی تالاب شادگان شامل WST، NDVI، MVWR، VWR، LSWI، MNDWI و غلظت کروفیل-a طی سال‌های 2003 تا 2017 با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مودیس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. به‌منظور تحلیل روند و بزرگی شیب روند به‌ترتیب از آزمون‌های من-¬کندال و شیب سن استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد حجم آب موجود در تالاب در طی دوره مطالعه دارای روند افزایشی معنادار بوده است، درحالی¬که پوشش گیاهی تالاب در این دوره روند کاهشی و معناداری داشته است (p<0/05). همچنین نتایج نشان داد که تاریخ احتمالی شروع تغییر روند برای چهار شاخص NDVI، MVWR، MNDWI و LSWI اکتبر 2012 است که تقریباً هم¬زمان با توسعه برخی صنایع پرورش ماهی در بالادست این تالاب است. علاوه بر این در بازه زمانی مطالعه، بین شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی با شاخص‌های آبی، همبستگی قوی معکوس (به‌طور میانگین به¬مقدار حدود 0/86-) مشاهده شد. به‌طور خلاصه نتایج پژوهش حاضر شواهدی از یک توالی معکوس و شرایط بحرانی را در تالاب شادگان نشان داد. تلفیق تکنیک‌های سنجش از دور و برخی روش‌های آماری مورد استفاده در این مطالعه و در نهایت، تهیه سری زمانی کامل و پیوسته از شاخص‌های مدنظر، می‌تواند برای شناخت بهتر پویایی بوم¬سازگان تالاب شادگان، و ارزیابی، مدل¬سازی و پیش‌بینی تغییرات وضعیت بوم¬شناختی این تالاب مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Nowadays, the risk of degradation of wetlands is one of the main environmental challenges in the world, so continuous and long-term monitoring of ecological changes in wetlands can play a key role in their protection and proper management. In the present study, the trend of monthly changes in some of the most important ecological indicators of the aquatic environment of Shadegan wetland including WST, NDVI, MVWR, VWR, LSWI, MNDWI and Chlorophyll-a concentration (during 2003-2017) was evaluated using MODIS satellite imagery. The Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were used to analyze the trend and its magnitude, respectively. Results showed a significant increasing trend in the volume of water in Shadegan wetland, while the vegetation of the wetland had a significant decreasing trend during the study period (p <0.05). Also, the change in the monthly trend of NDVI, MVWR, MNDWI and LSWI time series was observed around October 2012, which approximately coincided with the development of aquacultural facilities in the northern part of this wetland. In addition, a strong inverse correlation (about -0.86) was observed between vegetation and water indices. Results further provided evidence of an inverse sequence and critical conditions in Shadegan wetland. Integrating remote sensing techniques and statistical methods in this study (to provide continuous time series of ecological indicators) can help to better understand the dynamics of wetland ecosystems (at different temporal and spatial scales). This approach is also applicable in evaluation, modeling and prediction of ecological changes in Shadegan wetland. 65 78 2020/11/152020/03/12020/10/292021/01/92021/01/6 1399/10/17 2021/05/22021/05/122021/05/122021/05/232021/06/12 1400/3/22 کیان حاجیان K. Hajian دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران hajian_knwork@yahoo.com امید بیرقدار کشکولی O. Beyraghdar Kashkooli دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران omid.beyraghdar@iut.ac.ir نصرالله محبوبی صوفیانی N. Mahboobi Soofiani دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران soofiani@iut.ac.ir سعید پورمنافی S. Pourmanafi دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران spourmanafi@iut.ac.ir Shadegan Wetland Ecological changes MODIS imagery Chlorophyll تالاب شادگان تغییرات اکولوژیک سنجنده مودیس کلروفیل 1. Adam, E., O. Mutanga and D. Rugege. 2010. Multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing for identification and mapping of wetland vegetation: a review. Wetlands Ecology and Management 18(3): 281-296.##2. Alibakhshi, S., T. A. Groen, M. Rautiainen and B. Naimi. 2017. Remotely-sensed early warning signals of a critical transition in a wetland ecosystem. Remote Sensing 9(4): 352-371.##3. Arsanjani, T. J., R. Javidan, M. J. Nazemosadat, J. J. Arsanjani and E. Vaz. 2015. Spatiotemporal monitoring of Bakhtegan Lake's areal fluctuations and an exploration of its future status by applying a cellular automata model. Computers & Geosciences 78: 37-43.##4. Asghari poudeh, Z., O. Ghadirian Baharanchi, S. Nematallahi, S. Fakheran and S. Pourmanafi. 2019. Monitoring and prediction of land use/cover changes in Shadegan International Wetland. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology 8(3): 63-76. (In Farsi)##5. Bayat, R., S. Jafari, B. Ghermezcheshmeh and A. M. Charkhabi. 2016. Studying the effect of dust on vegetation changes (case study: Shadegan wetland, Khuzestan). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Natural Resources 7(2): 17-32. (In Farsi)##6. Environmental Protection Agency of Iran. 2010. Comprehensive management plan of Shadegan Wetland. Conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project, UNDP/GEF, Tehran.##7. Guo, M., J. Li, C. Sheng, J. Xu and L. Wu. 2017. A review of wetland remote sensing. Sensors 17(4): 777.##8. Jafari Azar, A., T. M. Sabzeqbaee and S. Dashti. 2017. Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in environmental risk assessment (case study: the international wetland of Shadegan, Khur e Omayyeh and Khur e Mousa Estuary). Geography and Environmental Hazards 24: 97-119. (In Farsi)##9. Khaliq M. N. and T. B. Ouarda. 2007. On the critical values of the standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT). International Journal of Climatology 27: 681-687.##10. Libiseller, C. and A. Grimvall. 2002. Performance of partial Mann–Kendall tests for trend detection in the presence of covariates. Environmetrics 13(1): 71-84.##11. Lou, J., X. Li, R. Ma, F. Li, H. Duan and W. Hu. 2016. Applying remote sensing techniques to monitoring seasonal and interannual changes of aquatic vegetative in Taihu Lake, China. Ecological Indicators 60: 73-81.##12. Qureshi, S., S. K. Alavipanah, M. Konyushkova, N. Mijani, S. Fathololomi, M. K. Firozjaei and A. A. Kakroodi. 2020. A Remotely sensed assessment of surface ecological change over the Gomishan Wetland, Iran. Remote Sensing 12(18): 2989.##13. Rahimi Baloochi, L. and B. Malek Mohammdi. 2012. Methodology for assessing the vulnerability of surface water resources (case study: Jarahi Basin). 6th Conference and Exhibition on Environmental Engineering. Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)##14. Reis, V., V. Hermoso, S. K. Hamilton, D. Ward, E. Fluet-Chouinard, B. Lehner and S. Linke. 2017. A global assessment of inland wetland conservation status. Bioscience 67(6): 523-533.##15. Rodriguez, Y. C., A. ElAnjoumi, J. D. Gomez, D. R. Perez and E. Rico. 2014. Using Landsat image time series to study a small water body in Northern Spain. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(6): 3511-3522.##16. Sadeghi Rad, A., S. K. Jafari and B. Allah Gani. 2017. Investigation of vegetation status of International Shadegan Wetland with NDVI index using MODIS sensor during 2000 to 2015. In: 12th Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology. Mashhad, Iran. pp. 69-79. (In Farsi)##17. Sen, P. K. 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association 63: 1379-1389.##18. Xu, H. 2006. Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(14): 3025-3033.##19. Yuan, L. and L. Zhang. 2006. Identification of the spectral characteristics of submerged plant Vallisneria spiralis. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26(4): 1005-1010.##20. Yu, K. and C. Hu. 2015. Changes in vegetative coverage of the Hongze Lake national wetland nature reserve: a decade-long assessment using MODIS medium-resolution data. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 7(1): 073589.##21. Zar, J. H. 1972. Significance testing of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Journal of the American Statistical Association 67(339): 578-580.## ##

تأثیر ارتفاع از سطح دریا و خصوصیات خاک بر تنوع آلفا و بتای مراتع پلور مازندران Effects of Altitude and Soil Properties on Alpha and Beta Diversity in Plour Rangelands of Mazandaran 1 1 تنوع¬زیستی یکی از مسائل مهم بوم‌شناختی است که پایه و اساس عملکرد اکوسیستم است. بنابراین حفظ تنوع¬زیستی برای رفاه انسان لازم و ضروری است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی روند تغییرات تنوع آلفا و بتا و مؤلفه‎های تنوع بتا در طول گرادیان ارتفاع در 5 طبقه ارتفاعی و همچنین تأثیر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک بر تغییرات شاخص‎های مذکور بود. در هر طبقه 20 نمونه خاک و در کل 100 نمونه از منطقه برداشت شده و ارتباط بین خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی با شاخص‌های تنوع مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تعداد گونه‌ها در 100 پلات برداشت شد و شاخص‌های تنوع آلفا و بتا در دو سطح پلات و ترانسکت در نرم‌افزار R محاسبه شد. بر اساس نتایج، کمترین میزان تنوع آلفای پلات (1/03 ± 12/47) و ترانسکت (1/06 ± 24/15) مربوط به کلاس ارتفاعی بیش از 3200 متر بود درحالی¬که کمترین مقدار تنوع بتای پلات 780 ± 11) و ترانسکت (0/44 ± 18) در کلاس ارتفاعی کمتر از 2600 متر مشاهده شد. در همه کلاس‎های ارتفاعی، بیش از 90 درصد از تغییرات تنوع بتا به‌واسطه مؤلفه روگشت گونه‏ای اتفاق افتاده و مؤلفه الگوی آشیانه‏ای سهم بسیار ناچیزی از تنوع بتا را توجیه کرد. مدل کلی (همه عوامل محیطی) تنها 11 درصد از تغییرات تنوع آلفا و 30 درصد از تغییرات تنوع بتا را توجیه نمود. این نتیجه بیانگر پیچیدگی بالای محیط و جوامع گیاهی است و به¬روشنی نشان می‏دهد که با استفاده از برخی متغیرهای محیطی نمی‏توان کل تغییرات ترکیب گیاهان را آشکار کرد. 2 Biodiversity is one of the important aspects of natursal systems which supports ecosystem functions. Therefore, the preservation of biodiversity is necessary for human well-being. The curreny study aimed to investigate changes of alpha and beta diversity and its components along the elevation gradient of five classes and to evaluate the effects of physical and chemical characteristics of soil on these diversity indices. In each elevation class, 20 soil samples and a total of 100 samples were taken and the relationship between physical and chemical characteristics of soil with diversity indices was examined. The number of species was recorded at 100 plots and the alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated at two spatial scales (i.e., plot and transect) using R software. Based on the results, the lowest amount of alpha diversity across plots (12.47 ± 1.03) and transects (24.15 ± 1.06) were observed at the elevation class of > 3200 m, while, the lowest amount of beta diversity in plots (11 ± 0.78) and transects (18 ± 0.44) were observed in class of < 2600 m. In all altitude classes, more than 90% of the variation in beta diversity was explained by the species turnover component and the nested pattern component was responsible for a very small part of beta diversity. Environmental factors were explanined only 11% of the changes in alpha diversity and 30% of the beta diversity. This result indicates the high complexity of the environment and plant communities and clearly shows that using a few environmental variables cannot reveal all the changes in plant composition. 79 92 2020/11/152020/03/12020/10/292021/01/92021/01/62020/11/7 1399/8/17 2021/05/22021/05/122021/05/122021/05/232021/06/122021/06/20 1400/3/30 زینب جعفریان Z. Jafarian دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران z.jafarian@sanru.ac.ir رضا امیدی پور R. Omidipour دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران romidipor@yahoo.com لیلا زندی L. 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