بررسی تأثیر شاخص‌های پیوند از دور بر تولید خالص اولیه (NPP) در دامنه شمالی البرز Investigating the Effects of Teleconnection Indices on Net Primary Production in the North of Iran’s Alborz Mountains 1 1 یکی از موضوعات اصلی تحقیقات علمی در زمینه اثر تغییر اقلیم جهانی، بررسی تغییرات چرخه کربن در مراتع است و تولید خالص اولیه (NPP) مؤلفه‌ای مهم در این چرخه از نظر ذخیره کربن و شاخصی کلیدی برای ارزیابی کارکرد اکوسیستم است. در این تحقیق رابطه تولید خالص اولیه با نوسانات اقیانوسی اتمسفری به¬صورت ماهانه و فصلی در فاصله سال‌های 2016-2000 در دامنه شمالی رشته کوه البرز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. به این منظور برای مدل¬سازی رابطه تولید ناخالص اولیه با شاخص‌های اقیانوسی اتمسفری، میزان NPP با استفاده از محصولات سنجنده مودیس استخراج شد. برای بررسی روابط هم¬زمان و غیرهم¬زمان در سری‌های مختلف زمانی از رگرسیون چندمتغیره و برای بررسی روند تغییرات تولید خالص اولیه در فصل‌های مختلف در طول دوره آماری مورد مطالعه از آزمون من کندال استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین بیشترین میزان تولید خالص اولیه در فصول بهار و تابستان به¬ترتیب به¬میزان 2/06 و 1/30 و کمترین مقدار در فصول پاییز و زمستان به¬ترتیب برابر با 0/68 و 0/55 گرم کربن در متر مربع در روز بود. روند معنی‌دار تغییرات NPP در فصول پاییز و زمستان مشاهده شد. به¬طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که NPP تحت تأثیر عوامل اقلیمی به¬ویژه بارش بوده و شاخص‌های مربوط به انسو (النینو نوسان جنوبی) از عوامل مؤثر بر بارش و در نتیجه تولید خالص اولیه در منطقه شمال کشور است. 2 One of the main scientific topics on the effects of global climate change is to assess changes in the carbon cycle in rangelands. Net Primary Production (NPP) is an important component of this cycle, in terms of carbon storage, and a key indicator for assessing the ecosystem function. This research aimed to investigate the correlation between NPP and ocean-atmospheric oscillations, monthly and seasonally, from 2000 to 2016 in the north of Iran’s Alborz Mountains. Net Primary Production of terrestrial vegetation was extracted from MODIS data and used in a model along with ocean-atmospheric oscillations. Multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the simultaneous and lagged status in different timescales. Mann-Kendal test was used for trend analysis in different seasons over the studied period. Results showed that the highest NPP values were 2.06 and 1.30 g C m-2 d-1 in spring and summer and the lowest were 0.68 and 0.55 g C m-2 d-1 in autumn and winter, respectively. The trend of NPP variations was significantly different in autumn and winter. Overall, it was showed that NPP was affected by climatic variables, especially precipitation, and variables related to ENSO indicator are the main factors affecting precipitation, thereby affecting NPP in the north of Iran. 1 16 2020/02/3 1398/11/14 2020/08/23 1399/6/2 سید مرتضی عراقی شهری M. Araghi Shahri دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران m.araghi@na.iut.ac.ir سعید سلطانی S. Soltani دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران ssoltani@cc.iut.ac.ir مصطفی ترکش M. Tarkesh دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران m_tarkesh@cc.iut.ac.ir سعید پورمنافی S. Pourmanafi دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران spourmanafi@cc.iut.ac.ir Ocean-Atmospheric Oscillations Multivariate Regression ENSO Trend Analysis Mann-Kendal Remote Sensing نوسانات اقیانوسی اتمسفری رگرسیون چندمتغیره انسو آنالیز روند من-کندال سنجش از دور 1. Abdi, A., A. Vrieling, G. Yengoh, A. Anyamba, J. Seaquist, C. Ummenhofer and J. Ardö. 2016. The El Niño -La Niña cycle and recent trends in supply and demand of net primary productivity in African drylands. 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ارزیابی آواهای زیستی در پارک‌های‌ شهر اصفهان با استفاده از شاخص‌های اکوستیک Evaluation of Biophonies in Isfahan Parks, Using Acoustic Indices 1 1 تجزیه و تحلیل آوای منظر به¬ویژه آواهای زیستی با استفاده از شاخص‌های اکوستیک اطلاعات بوم¬شناختی ارزشمندی را به منظور ارزیابی تنوع زیستی، بررسی الگوهای رفتاری گونه‌ها و ارزیابی آلودگی‌های صوتی در اختیار پژوهشگران قرار می¬دهد. در این پژوهش، به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل آواهای زیستی و انسانی در شش پارک شهری اصفهان در فصل بهار از شش شاخص اکوستیک شامل: شاخص پیچیدگی اکوستیک، شاخص تنوع اکوستیک، شاخص یکنواختی اکوستیک، شاخص زیستی اکوستیک، شاخص اختلاف نرمال¬شده آوای منظر و شاخص بی‌نظمی استفاده شد که با استفاده از بسته آماری Seewave ارزش این شاخص¬ها در محیط نرم¬افزار R محاسبه شد. پس از اندازه‌گیری مقادیر این شش شاخص در پارک‌های شهر اصفهان، میزان همبستگی بین آنها مشخص شده و برای تعیین معنی‌دار بودن تفاوت بین شاخص¬های اکوستیک بین جفت پارک¬ها از آزمون توکی در نرم¬افزار R استفاده شد. با توجه به نتایج آزمون ANOVA و آزمون تکمیلی توکی بیشترین مقدار شاخص¬¬های زیستی اکوستیک، اختلاف نرمال¬شده آوای منظر، پیچیدگی اکوستیک، تنوع اکوستیک، یکنواختی اکوستیک و بی¬نظمی اکوستیک مربوط به پارک صفه با مقادیر 51/63 ، 0/99، 2267، 1/46، 0/89 و 0/82 و کمترین مقدار این شاخص¬ها به¬ترتیب متعلق به پارک¬های محمودآباد با مقادیر 16/56 و 0/49-، ایثارگران با مقدار 1787 و باغ غدیر با مقادیر 0/05، 0/67 و 0/41 است. همچنین بیشترین اختلاف معنی¬دار شاخص زیستی اکوستیک و شاخص اختلاف نرمال¬شده آوای منظر بین پارک‌های صفه و محمودآباد محاسبه شد که بیانگر تأثیرگذاری عواملی مانند میزان اثر حاشیه و تنوع زیستی پرندگان بر ارزش شاخص¬ها است. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش می‌توان گفت شاخص‌های اکوستیک زیستی و اختلاف نرمال¬شده آوای منظر معیارهای مناسبی برای ارزیابی فعالیت¬های انسانی و زیستی در فضاهای سبز شهری هستند. 2 Soundscape analysis, using acoustic indices, provides researchers with valuable ecological information to assess biodiversity, species behavior, and noise pollution. In this study, to analyze biophonies and anthrophony in six urban parks in Isfahan city in spring, six acoustic indices, including Acoustic complexity index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Evenness Index (AEI), and Bioacoustic Index (BI), Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) and Entropy Index (H) were used and quantified using Seewave Package in R software. In the next step, using ANOVA test, we evaluated the significance of difference between values of the indices among the six parks. We also calculated the degree of correlation between pairs of the indices among and within the parks using Tukey test. According to the results of ANOVA and Tukey tests, the highest values of BI, NDSI, ACI, ADI, AEI and H indices were obtained for Sofeh Park with values of 51.63, 0.99, 2267, 1.46, 0.89 and 0.82, respectively and the lowest values of the these indices were also calculated for Mahmoud-Abad (16.56 and - 0.49), Isargaran (1787) and Bagh-Ghadir (0.05, 0.67 and 0.41) Parks. Among the indices, the most significant difference was calculated for the two indices of ADI and NDSI and between the Sofeh and Mahmoud-Abad Parks, indicating the effect of factors such as edge effect and birds diversity on these indices. Based on the results, it can be concluded that NDSI and BI indices are suitable tools for evaluating ecosystem quality and can be used in green space management and urban biodiversity assessment. 17 32 2020/02/32020/01/14 1398/10/24 2020/08/232020/08/31 1399/6/10 میلاد لطیفی M. Latifi گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران milad.latifi6@gmail.com مهرداد رعنایی M. Ranaie گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران mehrdadranaee137166@gmail.com سیما فاخران S. Fakheran گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران Fakheran@iut.ac.ir مینو مشتاقی M. Moshtaghie گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) ایران m_moshtaghie@yahoo.com Soundscape Bioacoustic Index Seewave Package Birds diversity Sofeh Park آوای منظر شاخص‌ زیستی اکوستیک بسته Seewave تنوع زیستی پرندگان پارک صفه 1. Boelman, N. T., G. P. Asner, P. J. Hart and R. E. Martin. 2007. Multi‐trophic invasion resistance in Hawaii: bioacoustics, field surveys, and airborne remote sensing. Ecological Applications 17(8): 2137-2144.##2. Brumm, H. 2004. The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude in a territorial bird. Journal of Animal Ecology 73(3): 434-440.##3. Duarte, M. H. L., R. S. Sousa-Lima, R. 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Geography and Environmental Planning 21(3): 61-82. (In Farsi)##23. Moharramnejad, N. and M. Safaripour. 2009. The impact of urban development on noise pollution in district one of Tehran and presenting management strategies to improve conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10(4): 43-70. (In Farsi)##24. Moshtaghie, M. and M. Kaboli, 2015. Finding the best location for installing wildlife signs using kernel density estimation in Khojir National Park. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 4(3): 1-6.##25. Nasiri, P. and F. Farhang. 2003. Dependence of traffic noise pollution on increasing the height and distance from the edge of Sheikh Fadlallah Highway in Tehran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5(3): 75-86. (In Farsi)##26. Nemeth, E., N. Pieretti, S. A. Zollinger, N. Geberzahn, J. Partecke, A. C. Miranda and H. Brumm. 2013. 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بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر حضور و تعارض خدنگ بزرگ (Herpestes edwardsii) در یک محیط شهری در استان خوزستان Factors influencing the occurrence and conflict of the Indian grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) in an urban area in Khuzestan Province, Iran 1 1 تعارض انسان و حیات وحش به دلیل اشغال زیستگاه‌های حیات‌وحش توسط انسان و کاهش طعمه وحشی رو به افزایش است. در این مطالعه، عوامل مؤثر بر حضور خدنگ بزرگ به عنوان یک گونه سازگار با محیط انسانی و دارای تعارض با انسان و عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش خسارت به ماکیان ساکنان یک محدوده مسکونی 73 هکتاری در شهر ملاثانی استان خوزستان بررسی شد. به این منظور از روش‌های تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی و دسته‌‎بندی بیز ساده همراه با تکمیل و تحلیل 150 پرسشنامه استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که 42/7 درصد از مصاحبه‌شوندگان، حمله خدنگ به ماکیان را در طول سال‌های 1389 تا 1398 تجربه کرده‌اند. نتایج تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی نشان داد که کاهش طعمه این گونه در زیستگاه‌های اطراف و وجود منابع غذایی انسانی در منطقه مورد مطالعه، بهترتیب مهمترین عوامل حضور و تعارض خدنگ بزرگ با انسان از نظر مصاحبه‌شوندگان بودند. نتایج دسته‌بندی بیز ساده نیز نشان داد نگهداری ماکیان در محفظه‌های مناسب و کنترل و مدیریت زباله‌های خانگی، کاهش خسارت در برابر حملات خدنگ بزرگ را در پی دارد. اتخاذ رویکردهایی به‌منظور کاهش تعارض این گونه با انسان همراه با ترویج نقش آن در کنترل جمعیت مارها و جوندگان می‌تواند خدنگ بزرگ را به گوشتخواری محبوب نزد جوامع محلی تبدیل کند. 2 Human-wildlife conflict is on the rise due to human occupation of wildlife habitats and declining wild prey. In this study, we assessed factors influencing the presence of the Indian grey mongoose (IGM), as a species compatible with the human environment and in conflict with humans, and factors affecting poultry depredation by IGM in a residential area of 73 ha in Mollasani city, Khuzestan Province. Social network analysis and Naïve Bayes classification were used along with completion and analysis of 150 questionnaires. The results showed that 42.7% of the interviewees had experienced IGM predatory attacks on poultry during 2010-2019. Results of the social network analysis showed that the interviewees perceived depletion of wild prey in adjacent habitats and presence of anthropogenic food waste in the study area as main factors influencing the presence of the IGM, leading to conflict with the residents. Results of the Naïve Bayes classification revealed that protection of poultry in suitable enclosures and management of human waste will decrease poultry depredation by the IGM. Adopting approaches to reduce conflict with humans, while promoting the species’ role in controlling snake and rodent populations, can increase local acceptance of this carnivore. 33 48 2020/02/32020/01/142020/04/17 1399/1/29 2020/08/232020/08/312020/10/3 1399/7/12 کامران الماسیه K. Almasieh دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان ایران almasieh@asnrukh.ac.ir مسلم سواری M. Savari دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان ایران savari@asnrukh.ac.ir علیرضا محمدی A. R. Mohammadi دانشگاه جیرفت ایران armohammadi1989@gmail.com Human-wildlife conflict Social network analysis Indian grey mongoose Small carnivores تعارض انسان و حیات وحش تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی خدنگ بزرگ گوشت‌خواران کوچک 1. Almasieh, A. 2019. Assessment of carnivores in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. In: Proceedings of the First National Conference of Agriculture and Environment of Iran. Mollasani, Iran, pp. 1-12. (In Farsi) ##2. Amador-alcalá, S., E. J. Naranjo and G. Jimenez-ferrer. 2013. 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Carroll. 2016. Human-wildlife conflict, conservation attitudes, and a potential role for citizen science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation and Society 14(3): 205-217.##22. Marashi, M., A. T. Qashqaei, M. Marashi and F. Nejat. 2017. Seasonal human-brown bear conflicts in northern Iran: implications for conservation. Zoology and Ecology 27(2): 100-102##23. Meyer, D., E. Dimitriadou, K. Hornik, A. Weingessel, F. Leisch, C. C. Chang and M. D. Meyer. 2019. R package version 1. 6-3. Misc Functions of the Department of Statistics, Probability Theory Group (e1071), TU Wien.##24. Mohammadi, A., M., Kaboli, A. Alambeigi and J. V. Lo´pez-Bao. 2018. Social network analysis of human-environment conflict management based on evidence of wolf attacks in local communities of Hamadan province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 49: 461-472. (In Farsi)##25. Mohammadi, A., M. Kaboli, V. Sazatornil and J. V. Lo´pez-Bao. 2019. 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ارزیابی و مقایسه ذخایر کربن ‌آلی و نیتروژن خاک مراتع و مزارع گندم مجاور در موقعیت‌های مختلف شیب دامنه (مطالعه موردی: مراتع کوهستانی کرمانشاه) Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Nitrogen Content Comparison in Different Slope Positions in Native Grasslands and Adjacent Cultivated Soils (Case Study: Kermanshah Mountain Rangelands, Iran) 1 1 افزایش گازهای گلخانه‌ای اتمسفر به‌ویژه دی‌اکسیدکربن در اثر مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی موجب افزایش دمای کره زمین شده ‌است. توقف این روند فقط با کاهش مصرف این سوخت‌ها و یا ذخیره کربن ‌آلی در خاک امکان‌پذیر است. پوشش گیاهی کره زمین شامل جنگلها، مراتع و اراضی کشاورزی با جذب و ذخیره کربن نقش مؤثری در کاهش گازهای گلخانه‌ای دارد. این مطالعه به¬منظور بررسی تأثیر میزان شیب و موقعیت دامنه و نیز کاربری اراضی بر میزان ذخایر کربن‌ آلی در یک منطقه کوهستانی واقع در ارتفاعات زاگرس میانی در کرمانشاه انجام شد. نتایج بیانگر تأثیر معنی‌دار شیب و کاربری زمین بر مقدار زیست‌توده، میزان ذخایر کربن‌ آلی و نیتروژن خاک است. مقایسه شیب‌های مختلف مرتعی نشان داد که موقعیت پای¬‌دامنه با کمترین شیب (20 تا 30 درصد) بیشترین میزان ذخیره کربن ‌آلی، درصد نیتروژن خاک و زیست‌توده فوقانی را داشت. حضور درختان پراکنده در مرتع در موقعیت شانه¬دامنه موجب افزایش توانایی این موقعیت در ذخیره‌سازی کربن ‌آلی خاک در مقایسه با دامنه مشابه بدون درختان شده که احتمالاً در اثر افزوده‌شدن هوموس و یا مراقبت تاج آنها از گونه‌های علفی زیراشکوب درختان است. مقایسه گندمزار با مرتع مجاور با شیب یکسان بیانگر افزایش معنی‌دار (0/05>P) میزان کربن ‌آلی و درصد نیتروژن کل در خاک مرتع است. 2 Global warming has been largely driven by increasing atmospheric GHG (Green House Gasses), particularly carbon dioxide caused by fossil fuels burning. The current trend can not be stopped except by reducing fossil fuel consumption or storing organic carbon in soil or earth's biological systems such as forests, rangelands and agricultural systems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of slope position as well as land use effect on organic carbon storage and nitrogen content in a mountainous area in the middle of Zagros chain mountain ranges in Kermanshah. The results showed that slope position has significant effect on aboveground biomass, SOC (Soil Organic Carbon) and Soil Nitrogen Content (SNC). Comparison of different rangeland slopes showed that the lowest slope position (20-30%) had the highest amount of SOC, SNC and aboveground biomass. The presence of scattered trees in the shoulder position added significant amount of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content to the soil beneath the trees, resulting from the input of tree litter and positive effect of trees canopy on herbaceous layer. Comparison of natural rangeland in all slope positions and adjacent cropland showed higher amount of SOC and SNC in grasslands. Comparison of croplands and adjacent rangelands with the same slope shows a significant increase in organic carbon content (P>0.05) and soil nitrogen percentage in the rangelands. This situation is also seen in other rangeland slope classes. 49 61 2020/02/32020/01/142020/04/172020/02/1 1398/11/12 2020/08/232020/08/312020/10/32020/10/7 1399/7/16 حیدر میرزایی H. Mirzaei دانشگاه رازی ایران mirzaei.hd@gmail.com soil organic carbon natural grasslands croplands climate change slope position کربن آلی خاک مراتع طبیعی اراضی کشاورزی تغییرات اقلیمی موقعیت شیب دامنه 1. Bahrami, B., R. Erfanzadeh and J. Motamedi. 2013. Effect of slope and vegetation on carbon sequestration in a semi-dry rangeland of western Iran, case study: Khanghah Sorkh, Urmia. Journal of Water and Soil Science 27(4): 703-711. (In Farsi)##2. Bangrooam, S. A., G. R. Najara and A. Rasool. 2017. Effect of altitude and aspect on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Himalayan Mawer Forest Range. Catena 158: 63-68. ##3. Bin, Z., W. T. Ben, B. Ryan, D. W. Walter, Z. Mengli and H. Xiying. 2018. Slope position regulates response of carbon and nitrogen stocks to cattle grazing on rough fescue grassland. Journal of Soils and Sediments 18: 3228-3234.##4. Boden, T. A., G. Marland and R. J. Andres. 2017. Global, regional and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA. DOI 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2017##5. Cai, M., Z. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Han and Q. Shi. 2018. Effects of long-term cultivation practices and nitrogen fertilization rates on carbon stock in a calcareous soil on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Journal of Arid Land 10(1): 129-139. ##6. Cai, Y., X. Scott and C. Chang Yi. 2017. 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شناسایی، فراوانی و پراکنش بزرگ‌بی‌مهرگان کف‌زی و ارزیابی زیستی رودخانه قلعه‌رودخان (استان گیلان) Identification, Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates and Biomonitoring of the Ghale Rudkhan River, Guilan Province 1 1 استفاده از جمعیت بی¬مهرگان کف¬زی از مناسب¬ترین ابزارها برای تعیین سلامت و یکپارچگی زیستی رودخانه¬ها و تأثیر فعالیت¬های انسانی بر کیفیت آنها است. با توجه به اهمیت رودخانه قلعه¬رودخان از نظر گردشگری و رشد جمعیت در حاشیه آن، از شاخص¬های زیستی برای ارزیابی وضعیت رودخانه استفاده شد. نمونه¬برداری با استفاده از سوربر سمپلر (چشمه 300 میکرون و مساحت 900 سانتی¬متر مربع) در 5 ایستگاه با 3 تکرار از اردیبهشت تا آذر 1396 انجام شد. نمونه¬ها در اتانول 96 درصد فیکس و به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شده و شناسایی شدند. فراوانی کل، شاخص EPT، غنای EPT، درصد EPT و نسبت EPT/Chiro محاسبه شد. تعداد 5134 نمونه از 35 جنس، 30 خانواده، 10 راسته، 4 رده و 3 شاخه شناسایی شد. بالاترین غنای EPT در ایستگاه 4 در اردیبهشت¬ماه (607 عدد بر مترمربع) و پایین¬ترین آن در ایستگاه 5 در مهرماه (7 عدد بر مترمربع) مشاهده شد. حضور گونه¬های حساس به آلودگی از جمله Epeorus sp.، Rithrogena sp.، Rhyacophila sp.، Isopela sp.، Gomphus sp.، Cordulegaster sp.، Coenagrion sp.، Oligoneuriella sp.، Heptagenia sp و .Philorus sp نشانگر کیفیت مطلوب آب رودخانه است. 2 Benthic macroinvertebrate-based indices are suitable tools for assessment of stream health and human impacts on its biological integrity. Since Ghale Rudkhan River is an attractive tourist destination and its surrounding population is growing, its water quality was examined usning biological indicators. Macroinvertebrate samples were taken monthly by a Surber sampler (mesh = 300 µ and area = 900 cm2) at five stations from May to December 2017. Samples were preserved in ethanol 96% and transported to laboratory for analysis. Total abundance, EPT index, EPT richness and percentage,EPT/CHIR ratios were determined. In total 5134 macroinvertebrates that belong to 35 genera, 30 families, 10 orders, 4 classes and 3 phyla were identified. The highest EPT richness was observed at the station no. 4 in May (607 ind.m-1) and the lowest was at the station no. 5 in October (7 ind.m-1). The presence of pollution sensitive species such as Epeorus sp. Rithrogena sp., Rhyacophila sp., Isopela sp., Gomphus sp., Cordulegaster sp., Coenagrion sp., Oligoneuriella sp., Heptagenia sp., Philorus sp. in Ghale Rudkhan River indicated the optimal quality of the river water. 63 76 2020/02/32020/01/142020/04/172020/02/12019/12/2 1398/9/11 2020/08/232020/08/312020/10/32020/10/72020/10/21 1399/7/30 فرشته حاجی آقایی قاضی محله F. Hajiaghaei Ghaazi Mahalleh دانشگاه گیلان ایران ereshte.hj@yahoo.com جاوید ایمانپور نمین J. Imanpour Namin دانشگاه گیلان ایران javidiman@gmail.com مسعود ستاری M. Sattari دانشگاه گیلان ایران msattari647@gmail.com Biomonitoring Macroinvertebrates Surber sampler EPT Index ارزیابی زیستی ماکروبنتوز سوربر سمپلر شاخص EPT 1. Arifi, K., S. Elblidi, A. Serghini, L. Tahri, A. Yahyaoui and M. Fekhaoui. 2018. Taxonomic diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and bio-evaluation of water quality of Grou River (Morocco) through the use of the standardized global biological index (IBGN). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 9(4): 1343-1356.##2. Behmer, D. J. and C. P. Hawkins. 1986. Effects of overhead canopy on macroinvertebrate production in a Utah stream. Freshwater Biology 16: 283-300.##3. Chi, S. H., S. Li, S. H. Chen, M. Chen, J. Zheng and J. Hu. 2017. Temporal variations in macroinvertebrate communities from the tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir Catchment, China. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 90: 1-11. ##4. Cooper, Ch. M. and S. S. Knight. 1991. Water quality cycles in two hill land streams subject to natural, municipal, and non-point agricultural stresses in the Yazoo Basin of Mississipi, USA (1985-1987). Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen 24: 1654-1663.##5. Dodds, W. K., J. S. Perkin and J. E. Gerken. 2013. Human impact on freshwater ecosystem services: a global perspective. Environmental Science and Technology 47(16): 9061-9068.##6. Dudlley, T. L., S. D. Coopera and N. hemphill. 1986. Effects of macroalgae on a stream invertebrate community. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5: 93-106.##7. Durán, J., A. Rodríguez, J. L. Morse and P. M. Groffman. 2013. Winter climate change effects on soil C and N cycles in urban grasslands. Global Change Biology 19: 2826-2837.##8. Ehlinger, T. J., C. D. Sandgren and L. S. Dethorne. 2003. Monitoring of stream habitat and aquatic biotic integrity lincoln Creec Milwaukee Country, Wisconsin. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.##9. Feminella, J. W. 1999. Biotic indicators of water quality the Alabama watershed demonstration project. Aubum University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.##10. Fierroa, P., I. Arismendic, M. Robert, D. Hughesc, C. Valdovinosa, A. Alfonso Jara-Floresa. 2018. Benthic macroinvertebrate multimetric index for Chilean Mediterranean streams. Ecological Indicators 91: 13-23.##11. Fries, L. T. and D. E. Bowles. 2002. 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تعارضات اجتماعی و مدیریت مراتع: مطالعه موردی مراتع شهرستان کلات نادر Social Conflicts and Rangeland Management: A Case Study at Rangelands of Kalatnader County, Iran 1 1 کمبود یا محدودیت منابع طبیعی از یک طرف و نیازهای معیشتی مردم از طرف دیگر، باعث افزایش بهره‏برداری‏ها و اختلافات و درگیری‏ها بر سر استفاده از منابع طبیعی می‌شود. با توجه به هدف اصلی پژوهش یعنی بررسی تعارضات اجتماعی- مدیریتی مراتع شهرستان کلات¬¬¬نادر، اسامی بهره‏برداران مراتع از اداره منابع ‌طبیعی و آبخیزداری شهرستان تهیه شد و ایشان از طریق مصاحبه و پرسش-نامه مورد پرسشگری قرار گرفتند. داده‏ها، پایش و کدگذاری شده و سپس به¬وسیله نرم‏افزارهای SPSS و Amos مورد تجزیه و تحلیل و مدل¬سازی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد 52 درصد پاسخگویان، نگرش مثبت به منابع ‌طبیعی دارند ولی 36 درصد با اداره منابع ‌طبیعی، 41 درصد با سایر نهادها و 43 درصد با سایر مرتع‌داران در تعارض هستند. 67 درصد، مشارکت با سایر مرتع‌داران را راهکار حل تعارض دانسته‌اند. مهم¬ترین متغیرهای تأثیرگذار، اعتماد اجتماعی و خشونت‌طلبی به¬دست آمد که قدرت تبیین مسئله را تا بیش از 71 درصد دارند. بررسی تعارضات اجتماعی در زمینه منابع طبیعی نشان داد که ظرفیت ایجاد تعارضات در منطقه بالاست. در نتیجه، رویکرد حل تعارضات و پیشبرد روش‏های مذاکره برای حل اختلافات ضروری است. همچنین تهیه نقشه‏های مستند جامع (کاداستر)، بررسی دقیق موضوعات مورد تعارض، و اطلاع‏رسانی مستمر فرایند بررسی‏ها، زمینه‏ساز کاهش تعارضات ارضی است. 2 Conflicts over natural resources increase due to a lack or limitation of natural resources and an increasing demand for growing populations. The current research aimed to investigate the conflict management between people and natural resources organizations. A list of local beneficiaries was obtained from Office of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Kalatnader County, Khorasan-Razavi Province, Iran. The beneficiaries were surveyed through the in-person interview as well as a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed and modeled by SPSS and Amos softwares. The results indicated that 52% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards natural resources, but 36% were in conflict with the Office, 41% with other institutions, and 43% with other ranchers. Sixty seven percent of participants believed that collaboration with other ranchers could be a solution for the conflict. The most important influencing variables were social trust and violence, which could explain the dependent variable up to 71%. As a result, a conflict resolution approach and advancing negotiation techniques are needed to resolve disputes. Furthermore, the preparation of comprehensive cadastral maps, detailed investigation of conflicting issues, and continuous updating of the investigation process lead to a reduction of land conflicts. 77 97 2020/02/32020/01/142020/04/172020/02/12019/12/22020/06/27 1399/4/7 2020/08/232020/08/312020/10/32020/10/72020/10/212020/11/10 1399/8/20 محمدعلی جنتی چنار M. A. Jannatichenar دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران mjanati92@yahoo.com مهدی کلاهی M. Kolahi دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران mahdikolahi@um.ac.ir منصور مصداقی M. Mesdaghi دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران mesdagh@yahoo.com Social Issues Range Beneficiaries Conflict Management Conflict Resolution Negotiation. مسائل اجتماعی مرتع‌داران مدیریت تضادها حل تعارضات مذاکره 1. Adeli, K. and A. Rahimi Nasab 2012. Investigating the legislation process in Iran's natural resources. 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