1 2476-3128 322 General Agrobiodiversity of Vegetable Crops in Agroecosystems in Iran Koocheki A. b Nassiri Mahallati M. c Hassanzadeh Aval F. d Mansoori H. e Amiri S. R. f Zarghani H. g Karimian M. h b Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad c Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad d Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad e Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad f Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad g Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad h Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad 1 12 2013 2 4 1 12 15 12 2013 15 12 2013 Preservation and increase of biodiversity is one of the main components to achieve sustainability in agricultural systems. In this study, biodiversity evaluation indexes were used to evaluate and compare agrobiodiversity of vegetable crop systems among all provinces of Iran. In this study the biodiversity evaluation indexes included Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Evenness. In order to compare the alpha and beta biodiversity in different regions of Iran, the country was divided to 5 different weather and geographic regions, then alpha and beta biodiversity were calculated by species – area relationship according to these areas. The results showed nearly 31 vegetable species are cultivated in Iran that the highest planted area after that tomato, potato and onion was related to aubergine with 6.07% of the total vegetable lands of Iran. The whole of vegetable lands area was 495412 ha that the Fars province with 8.83% of the total vegetable lands of the country, was the first and it was the major producer of 9 species of vegetables. The highest vegetable species richness was related to Esfahan and Mazandaran (29 species) and the lowest was for Chaharmahal bakhtiari (5 species). The Shannon index for these species in total vegetable lands (H) was 0.628 besides this index in highest level has been discovered in Yazd (2.70) and the Shannon index for these species of the total arable lands of the country ( ) was 0.210 besides this index in highest level had been discovered in Hormozgan (1.01). The highest (0.459) and lowest (0) of alpha biodiversity was calculated in north and south regions, respectively. In the other hand, the highest (1.41) and lowest (0.375) beta biodiversity was related to south and north regions, respectively.
323 General Effect of Conservation on Spatial Pattern of Dominant Trees in Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Communities, (Case Study: Masal, Guilan) Ebrahimi S. S. i Pourbabaei H. j i Resour., Univ. of Guilan j Resour., Univ. of Guilan 1 12 2013 2 4 13 24 15 12 2013 15 12 2013 Spatial patterns are suitable tools for optimal management in many forested areas. In this research, the effect of conservation on spatial pattern of dominant trees has been studied. To achieving this purpose, protected and non- protected forests were selected in Masal region of Guilan province as the study area. Sampling methods including fixed- area plots and distance methods, such as T- square and compound sampling were used 25 circle sample plots, each with an area 1000 m2and 25 sampling points were taken. Then, tree species in plot samples and the distance of interest were identified and measured. Dispersion indices such as Green, Morisata, standardized Morisata, Hopkins, Eberhart, Johnson and Zimmer, Hines and C were used to analyze the spatial pattern in the areas. All indices related to plot samples indicated the clumped pattern for dominant species in protected and non- protected areas. The results of the distance indices have indicated that destruction changes the spatial pattern of dominant species and these species had different pattern in these areas. Among the distance indices, C and Hines indices revealed differences and they were suitable to describe the spatial pattern of both areas. 324 General Monitoring Phenology of Ailanthus altissima in North West Isfahan Shahbazi A. k Matinkhah S. H. l k Isf. Univ. Technol l Isf. Univ. Technol 1 12 2013 2 4 25 35 15 12 2013 15 12 2013 Major climate changes problems in the world have attracted attentions to the phenology and have improved studies in this field. Quantitative investigation of phenology, through recording the colour of different parts of plants can be a complement for quantitative method in determining exact appearance of the phenomena. In the present study the phenological characteristics of Ailanthus altissima has been identified, using two different methods including descriptive and digital repeated photography. In descriptive observations four trees in the campus of Isfahan University of Technology has been biweekly recorded for seven years and appearance of the phenomena has been registered. Digital photography of different parts of tree was accomplished for four years. The photo spectrum of the leaf and fruit of the tree were produced and the colors were analyzed in RGB system, with the resolution of eight bites (28) for each color. By determining the proportion of each primary color the tint was achieved, which can be easily interpreted. For determining the effect of temperature on colour changing in time, the 2G-RB Index was used. According to the descriptive observations of the flowering occurs from the beginning of May to the beginning of June and fruiting occurs in late June. In colour changing diagrams the intersection of green wavelength with red in late October exhibits a revolution in leaves colour. In the fruit colour diagrams, the first intersection takes place in coincidence with the appearance of green fruits and the second coincidence with the changing of colour from green to brown. Quantitative analysis indicates a significant correlation (P ≥ 0.05) between temperature and 2G-RB Index for both leaf and fruit. 325 General Investigating the Land Cover Changes in Mazandaran Province Using Landscape Ecology’s Metrics Between 1984 - 2010 Mirzayi M. m Riyahi Bakhtiyari A. n Salman Mahini A. o Gholamalifard M. p m Tarbiat Modares Univ., Noor, Iran. n Tarbiat Modares Univ., Noor, Iran. o دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانGorgan Univ. of Agric. Sci. and Natur p Tarbiat Modares Univ., Noor, Iran. 1 12 2013 2 4 37 55 15 12 2013 15 12 2013 Land cover has rapidly changed due to the relatively high population density, high rate of seasonal and permanent migrants, favorable conditions of natural and cultural, frequency of industrial units, coastal border and harbour and great rate of construction in the mazandaran province in recent years. Land cover changes are led to fragmentation, perforation, dissection, shirinkage, attrition and coalescence in the landscape, which each of them has important concept in the landscape ecology science. In this study, after preparing land cover maps, landscape metrics were extracted then Principal component analysis (PCA) were used in order to selection appropriate metrics for Mazandaran landscape changes analysis during 1984 and 2010. Finally five metric including Class Area (CA), Number of Patches (NP), Largest Patch Index (LPI), Perimeter-Area Fractal Dimension (PAFRAC) and Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) were selected as the appropriate metrics. The results show an increase in the extent of residential, agricultural, pasture, roads covers (7387, 54655, 88986, 4768 ha, respectively) and sharp decline in forests (162,867 ha). Such that, LPI of forest cover decreased in the Neka, Savadkooh, Sari and Tonekabon cities 17.5, 13.8, 8.6 and 4.9 respectively, during the study period and matrix change were observed from forest to pasture and agriculture in Ramsar and Behshahr cites. More changes have been happened due to digestion forest of patches to anthropogenic covers especially integration of agricultural land. 326 General Studing the Acclimation of Bromus Tomentellus in Esfahan Province Saboohi R. Khodagholi M. 1 12 2013 2 4 57 72 16 12 2013 16 12 2013 Bromus tomentellus is one of the drought resistant species that has a relatively well developed in Esfahan province, therefore, in the present study some of the important factors that influence the distribution of this species are studied. In this study, 17 climatic variables from 43 synoptic and climatology stations were selected within and adjacent areas of Esfahan province which the stations managed by Weather Organization of Iran. To reduce the number of variables and determining effective factor was used factor analysis using by principal components analysis with varimax rotation, then the average factor scores in the habitat of this species and the areas without it were calculated and the spatial distribution of the factor scores were plotted in Surfer ver8. The results of the factor analysis identified three factors of precipitation, temperature and wind and sunshine hours. These factors are included 69.70%, 11.98% and 10.14%, respectively and 92% of the total variance of the data. Also, the results showed that both precipitation and cooling temperature are the important factors to presence of these species as dominant and following species and wind and sunshine hours has the least effect on it. Generally, the climate vegetative of Bromus tomentellus can be named in Isfahan province, semi-steppe vegetation region in Fereidan, Freydoonshahr, Semirom, Golpayegan, Khonsar, Meimeh up around the Shahreza and alpine steppe of Natanz and Kashan. 327 General Surveying of Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment Rayegani B. Zehtabian GH. Barati S. Univ. of Environ Tehran Univ Isf. Univ. Technol 1 12 2013 2 4 73 99 16 12 2013 16 12 2013 Drylands occupied a large area of lands on Earth and a large percentage of the population are living in these areas. Land degradation or desertification is one of the biggest problems in arid zones. In general, little effort for mapping land degradation at regional to global scales has been made. Recent efforts to assess desertification in Iran led to devise the Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment or IMDPA. In this article we intend to consider the concerns of international models of desertification, re-evaluate the Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment in the East of Esfahan and Studies carried out on this model till now to review and to evaluate indicators of the soil, vegetation and erosion in the IMDPA. Our aim in this paper is to clarify many of the black spots of desertification in Iran, we're going to show where to start and what to expect on a study of desertification. In this study, water, soil and vegetation indicators and their indices in 172 homogeneous work units were assessed using the instruction of IMDPA, and the results were compared with a study done in the 90s. According to land degradation and desertification studies we propose a model as " Iranian Model of Desertification Status Assessment " or IMDSA be created in which the three indicators of land degradation, namely the degradation of soil, vegetation and water can be used on it. According to our study, to indicate soil degradation state, the four indices of Tillage Pan, Infiltration, Aggregate Size Distribution and Score of EC and to evaluate vegetation degradation status, the four indices of Alien Invasive or proliferous weed species, Biomass decline, Bare Spots, and proportion of useful species for use in the Iranian Model of Desertification Status Assessment were appropriate. 328 General Investigating the Effects of Hanna Dam Construction on Long-Term Land Use/ Cover Changes Hadian F. Jafari R. Bashari H. Ramezani N. Isf. Univ. Technol Isf. Univ. Technol Isf. Univ. Technol Isf. Univ. Technol 1 12 2013 2 4 101 114 16 12 2013 16 12 2013 This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Hana’s dam (constructed in 1996) on land use and cover changes using Landsat satellite images. Three images over 35 years (taken in 1976, 1998, and 2011) were obtained and geometric, atmospheric and topographic corrections were applied. The dam’s affected area was selected based on the interpretation of satellite imagery and local expert knowledge. Maximum likelihood and post-classification techniques were used to detect land use/ cover changes and their accuracy then was assessed using field works. The overall classification accuracy and Kappa statistics for all the maps were more than 83% and 79%, respectively. The classification map of year 1998 indicated that about 703 hectares of rangelands and agricultural lands were destroyed due to Hanna dam construction. In year 1998, the agricultural irrigated lands increased about100% due to Hanna dam construction in 1996 but in 2011 their extent decreased up to 69% and 36% in comparison with year 1998 and 1976, respectively. There was also a decrease about 10 percent in rangeland land use from 1976 (195906 ha) to 2011 (176827ha). The results of 2011 classified map revealed that 425 hectares of the water reservoir has changed to bare land because of severe drought conditions and over-exploitation in recent years. Overall, the results confirmed that in a short period of time after dam construction, the extent of agricultural irrigated lands has been increased, but a sharp decline was observed in agricultural areas after 15 years which can be as a result of population growth and water consumption in residential, commercial and industrial sectors in the region.